Shanghai Offers An Eclectic Range Of Scenes - 1563 Words

Shanghai offers an eclectic range of scenes including but not limited to those with large influences from western cultures. The Bund has become the most iconic feature of the city that fits this description and ranks at the around the top of the list for must see places for the whole country. Currently, its peculiar architecture entices tourists from all over the world for sightseeing, shopping, and adventure. In less than a century from the mid 1800’s to the mid 1900s, the area along the Huangpu River has changed in a dramatic but gradual fashion logistically, culturally, economically, and architecturally. What was once just a small-port center soon would transform into a global metropolitan attraction. When the harbor finally opened to international trade in 1843 with the signing of the Treaty of Nanjing, there was no special infrastructure for junks and sampans (the boats used at that time). It was only on the eastern gate was there some kind of embankment for ships; otherw ise the riverbank was just used as it was. This all would soon change, as the foreign enclaves would slowly modernize the Bund. However during the first few decades of Shanghai’s international influence it did not seem like the Bund would turn into a famous international icon anytime soon. In the following paragraphs are small but noteworthy glimpses into each foreign enclave over this time period.In the English Settlement the land regulations that were approved by the Chinese authorities prohibitedShow MoreRelatedFormulating Marketing Strategies Marketing Strategies for New Market Entries Strategies for Growth Markets Brands, Consumer Marketing, Distribution, Entrepreneurial Finance, Market Entry, New Product Marketing, Product Development.2918 Words   |  12 Pagesan entry mode for Icebreaker entering China. Generally, there are server ways to enter a foreign market, exporting, International Licensing, International Franchising, Foreign Direct Investment as well as other special modes. The Dunningà Ã‚ ²Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s eclectic theory provides a useful insight into the factors that will influence on choosing the entry mode. According to John Dunning, there are three factors affecting companyà Ã‚ ²Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s foreign investment, the ownership advantage, location and InternalizationRead MoreMandarin Oriental Hotel4629 Words   |  19 PagesThailand‟s signature fabric is everywhere adding to the sense of luxury. Fresh fruit and flowers refreshed daily. A personal butler is at your service. Full River/ Main Deluxe Room King/Twin 40/428 Wing 465 Located on higher floors, our Deluxe Rooms offer full river views and sumptuous comfort. The elegant dà ©cor features traditional Thai elements such as genuine teak furniture, beautiful silks, and a daily delivery of fresh exotic fruits and flowers. Guests will also enjoy enhanced bathroom amenitiesRead MoreMandarin Oriental Hotel4620 Words   |  19 PagesThailand‟s signature fabric is everywhere adding to the sense of luxury. Fresh fruit and flowers refreshed daily. A personal butler is at your service. Full River/ Main Deluxe Room King/Twin 40/428 Wing 465 Located on higher floors, our Deluxe Rooms offer full river views and sumptuous comfort. The elegant dà ©cor features traditional Thai elements such as genuine teak furniture, beautiful silks, and a daily delivery of fresh exotic fruits and flowers. Guests will also enjoy enhanced bathroom amenitiesRead MoreCountry Note Book of China17054 Words   |  69 Pagestwo-thirds of the land, higher in the West and lower in the East like a three-step ladder. 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Many of the essayscontain simple anecdotes with routine settings that demonstrate the applicants maturity, aware... ness, and potentiaL Use anecdotes from your life to offer an astute glimpse into your personality, sense of humor, values, thoughtful... ness, and all other attributes that will contribute to your success in life and business. Even the most prestigious accomplishment will be deficient if you do not explainRead MoreCase Study148348 Words   |  594 Pagesorganisation that is well known to many participants. †¢ †¢ 12  © Pearson Education Limited 2011 Johnson, Whittington and Scholes, Exploring Strategy, 9th Edition, Instructor’s Manual 4.3 Planning the topics The text lends itself to a range of different treatments and we encourage teachers to use it in a way which suits their own style and the needs of the participants of course. Some approaches might be as follows: †¢ The most straightforward teaching scheme is one that follows the sequence

Essay on Struggle and Growth in Alice Walkers Color Purple

Struggle and Growth in Alice Walkers The Color Purple The Color Purple depicts the struggle and growth of Celie, an uneducated slave of the South who became a victim of racism, sexual roles, men, and social injustices, in numerous letters that she writes as a diary. Walker uses Celies uneducated grammar to help the reader perceive the pain that she thinks and feels in order to become a mature, twentieth-century woman. As Celie writes to God for guidance and strength asking that she may carry on, her letters subtly shift to be intended for her intensely loved sister, Nettie, whom separated from Celie at an early age. Celie becomes a victim of brutal violence as she refuses to fight back to the injustices that black†¦show more content†¦When Celie shifts the addressing of her letters from God to Nettie, the reader apprehends that faith and religion are almost extinguished in Celies life. Shug questions Celies loss of interest in God: What happen to God? He gave you life, good health, and a good women that love you to death. (119). Celie replies with All my life I never care what people thought bout nothing I did, I say. But deep in my heart I care about God. What he going to think. And come to find out he dont think. Just sit up there glorifying in being deff I reckon. (120). She eventually believes that God has failed her and wont serve as a confidant, therefore, reaches out to Nettie. Celies unwavering love for Nettie provides Celie with some optimism to hold onto, for Netties eventual happiness leads Celie to believe that happiness may also be possible for her in the future. Every letter that Celie writes to Nettie illustrates the strictest confidence she delivers to her sister; most feelings remain trapped inside of Celie except those told to either Nettie or Shug. Celie confides in Nettie her fears, her secrets, her joys and her disappointments: I sit here in this big house by myself trying to sew, but what good is sewing gon do? What good is anything? Being alive begin to seem like a awful strain (262). Well you know wherever there a man there trouble (213). I am so happy. O got love, I got work, I got money, friends and time. And youShow MoreRelatedStruggle And Growth In Alice Walkers The Color Purple867 Words   |  4 PagesStruggle and Growth in Alice Walker s The Color Purple The Color Purple by Alice Walker depicts the struggle and growth of Celie, an uneducated slave of the South who became a victim of racism, men, and social injustices, that we learn through numerous letters that she writes as a diary. Walker uses Celie s uneducated grammar to help the reader perceive the pain that she thinks and feels in order to become a mature, twentieth-century woman.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   As Celie writes to God for guidance andRead MoreCriticism and Reflection of the Color Purple by Alice Walker1151 Words   |  5 PagesCriticism and Reflection of the Color Purple by Alice Walker Criticized as a novel containing graphic violence, sexuality, sexism, and racism, The Color Purple was banned in several schools across the United States. Crude language and explicit detail chronicle the life of Celie, a young black woman subjected to society’s cruelties. Although immoral, the events and issues discussed in Alice Walker’s The Color Purple are prominent in today’s society, and must be public and conversed ratherRead MoreThe Color Purple by Alice Walker1192 Words   |  5 Pagesas a novel containing graphic violence, sexuality, chauvinism, and racism, The Color Purple was banned in numerous schools across the United States. Crude language, brutality, and explicit detail chronicle the life of Celie, a young black woman exposed to southern society’s harshness. While immoral, the events and issues discussed in Alice Walker’s The Color Purple remain pervasive in today’s society. The Color Purple epitomizes the hardships that Afri can Americans faced at the turn of the centuryRead MoreAlice Walkers Themes of Womanism, Community, and Regeneration1968 Words   |  8 Pages7th February 2011 Alice Walkers Themes of Womanism, Community, and Regeneration Alice Walker is considered one of the most influential African American writers of the 20th century, because of her raw portrayal of African American struggles and the injustices towards black women. She was the first African American female novelist to win both the Pulitzer Prize and the National Book Award for The Color Purple. Her work is appealing and powerful because â€Å"Walkers novels can be read as anRead More Alice Walkers The Color Purple: Celies Struggles Expressed in Letters547 Words   |  3 PagesAlice Walkers The Color Purple: Celies Struggles Expressed in Letters Dear God, Gets me out of here. I needs to love and laugh. I needs to be free of this bastard and these white people. At a very young age, Celie begins writing letters to God. In her letters she explains her fears about her stepfather raping her, her mother and sister being beat, and her fears for her sister, Nettie. This epistolary novel (a novel in which the narrative is carried forward by letters) takes placeRead MoreOvercoming Prejudices and Self Acceptance-the Color Purple1401 Words   |  6 PagesAcceptance Throughout Alice Walker’s novel, The Color Purple, the main character, Celie, reveals all of the hardships she has endured during her life. Celie confides in her younger sister, Nettie, and God to express the way she feels in certain situations. As the story progresses, Celie eventually finds her voice and breaks away from all the men who oppressed her during her life. For the duration of the novel, prejudice becomes a reoccurring theme. Not only does Celie struggle with the external prejudicesRead MoreAlice Walker And Zora Neale Hurston875 Words   |  4 PagesAlice Walker and Zora Neale Hurston Both Alice Walker and Zora Neale Hurston are similar to having the same concept about black women to have a voice and being perspective. These two authors are phenomenal women who impacted on the southern hospitality roots. Alice Walker and Zora Neale Hurston comment on fear, avenge, and righteousness among African American women that are abuse of their power. Walker and Hurston uses the same theory of feminism to point out the liberation that isRead MoreExamples Of Womanism In The Color Purple1866 Words   |  8 PagesWritten in 1982 by Alice Walker, The Color Purple is a Pulitzer-Prize winning novel about one Southern black woman’s life of abuse and journey of self-discovery in the search to reunite with her sister. With film and Broadway adaptations, the story has reached raving audiences all over the world and has come with a significant amount of both acclaim and criticism. In this essay, I will establish how Alice Walker subverts stereotypes associated with bla ck female sexuality through the relationshipRead MoreComparative Essay; to Kill a Mockingbird and the Colour Purple3841 Words   |  16 PagesOne Will Take What He Is Given The purpose of Alice Walker’s novel The Color Purple and Harper Lee’s To Kill a Mockingbird is to demonstrate the hardships that are met when ignorance and tradition bring about the influence of sexism, racism and genuine prejudice to the general public. Ignorance is the root cause of prejudice as it prevents one to see beauty, so when it comes to dealing with the discriminating behavior held in this social order, the vast majority of people are judged by the labelRead MoreThe Color Purple, by Alice Walker and Push, by Sapphire Essay3208 Words   |  13 Pagesshocked at how unprotected the heroine, Precious, is towards society. She is an African-American teenage girl who struggles with accepting herself and her past, but the cruel â€Å"unwritten laws† of her time constantly prevent her rise until she becomes the part of a community that will empower her to triumph over her barriers. â€Å"The Color Purple† is a Pulitzer Prize winning novel by Alice Walk er which tells the story of a black woman’s, Celie’s, striving for emancipation. (Whitted, 2004) These novels

Marialyn free essay sample

My First week in bank of Makati makes me so tired but still I am grateful because we got the opportunity to have an on-the-job-training with a prestigious kind of bank. I was assigned near the teller’s area. In my first tasked Ma’am Noreen the branch operations head, assigned me to encode the account name and account number of clients exclusive only for the past two years. I was also assigned to stamp the liquidated receipt paid by the bank as their expenses and etc. I also had a time to socialize with some employee. In the following days, my tasked are still the same. I continued to encode the remaining sets of accounts then I stamp customer information forms. I was also assigned by Ma’am Dianne the marketing sales associate to paste the invitation cards and cut designs for the candle holder which will be used for the opening of the new building that the bank of Makati will be moved. Those invitation cards will be given to their selected clients. I was also assigned to arrange receipts according to its serial number. An hour before the duty end the manager treat us a snack for us to relieve our stress. In the second week of our on the job training, during its first day we already moved to the new and better building of Bank of Makati which is located at Quimpo Boulevard, Ecoland Matina Davao City. We have a little celebration together with the manager, employees, visitors and other officers from the main office. When we went back to our work, one of the employee who is assigned in loan operation department told me together with my co-trainees to count the documents by hundred. As I get back to the department where I truly assign, Ma’am Noreen instructed me to arrange the files sealed in the long enveloped and cleaned it. The next day I encode another set of account name and number of clients. After that I was task to arrange again the files sealed in the enveloped the same routine that I made the other day since the branch operation head told the utility man to transfer the drawer’s placed then I take off the envelop and I arrange it back to its original placed. I was also tasked to stamp letters which will be given to the clients and then I make sorting for the serial number of sealed enveloped, it seems that it is confidential I cannot saw what’s inside of it. I also helped my co-trainee to cut the slips in check accounts that will be used by the teller. In the following days, I was tasked to cut small pieces of labeled papers which has a content of bank’s name and its new address, it will be used as label to those envelop that will be delivered to the clients. After that I paste those pieces of papers that I cut and I inserted the letters inside of it and then I sealed. I also cut another pieces of papers which has the content for requirements purposes and I arrange it to the small box. At afternoon, I was tasked to put check marks in the customer information forms, specimen signature cards, payroll debit authorization amp; etc. so that it would be easy for the clients to know the things that they only needed to fill up. I also arrange bundles of transmittal form according to its places. It was quit tiring and confusing because after separating the transmittal form according to its places, we’re going to arrange it also by dates in descending order. In my third week, during its first day I continued sorting the transmittal forms which I started last week. I was also instructed to cut pieces of labeled papers that will be used by the teller in wrapping cash such as 500 and 1,000 bills, and then I continue doing it after lunch. I was also tasked by one of the employee assigned in loan operation department to look the certificate of registration of selected clients. After that I was assigned by Ma’am Dianne to fold letters for the clients and sealed it to envelop. The next task was looking for those selected names in a two bundles of sheets. I was also instructed by Ma’am Noreen to her by e-mail the things that I encoded last week. For the following days I was tasked to crash out the wrong information regarding the terms and conditions in time deposit/special savings account in the customer information forms, I think that were about hundred of forms. I was also assigned to stamp bundles of envelop and then I also answered telephone calls and I make sketch lines in log book for clients information purposes. In the next day my tasked are still the same as yesterday which is the crashed out thing in the customer information form but the difference was this time I crashed out the already filled up forms by the clients while yesterday it was the unfilled up ones. The next tasked that was assigned to me was to fold letters and sealed it to an enveloped. After that I continued my tasked which is the crashed out thing again and that was my assigned work for the whole afternoon and a whole day in the next day. In the last of my duty for this week, Ma’am Dianne let me joined with their official business travel or what they called OBT. We went to nearby places in Davao City in which our target market was the regular employees, encouraging them to avail the newly created loan system of the bank of Makati. It was quit tiring but enjoy because I get the chance to observe them the actual way on how to market a loan. For this week, my first tasked was to sort and alphabetized the signature cards, that was my assigned work for the whole day. On the second day, I helped my co-trainees in their assigned department to sort and arranged bundles of files. Then the next day I was tasked to check and arranged the documents in customer information form and after that I go back with my co-trainees and helped them to continued their assigned work since the other day. At afternoon, one of the employees in loan operation department asked me to get inside the vault and look for the registration card of those listed names that she gave to me. Since I was absent last Friday I have to comply it in Saturday and in that day I was tasked to stamp, sort and arranged the signature cards, arranged other files, sorting and arranging receipts. In this week my tasked was to arranged files, I inserted those customer information forms inside the enveloped in alphabetical order. I was also told to make corrections for those unwanted information in customer information forms. In Tuesday I was asked to encode receipts and sort it after. I also cut withdrawal slips that will be used by the teller. In Wednesday, I continued to cut withdrawal slips and that was my work for the entire day. In Thursday I was assigned to cut another sets of slips, after that I was tasked to pull-out certificate of registration’s (CR’s). In the last day of the week I helped my co-trainee in their assigned department in segregating documents namely the Dacion en Pago or Deed of Sale. For this week, I was with my co-trainee in their assigned department. We arranged documents and I was also assigned to pull-out certificate of registrations. The next day I together with my co-trainee was instructed to look for the document of a specific customer. In Thursday, after one amp; a half day of looking for the document in almost a hundred of bundled sheets at last we found it. The next thing we did was to insert those sealed envelops to its original placed. In the last day of ojt for this week I was assigned in the vault’s area, I arranged and sort files. I was also assigned in loan operation department; I was tasked there to look for the documents listed in a 3 sheets of bond paper. Mission Statement We value our role in economic development We exist to help more people: I. Answer the following questions on a separate sheet. A. Has the practicum/fieldwork experience helped you prepare for a job in the business field? Why or why not? Yes, the practicum experienced helped me prepare for a job in the business field because it gives me learning about the real scenario of how to work in a bank, in which they taught me those duties and responsibilities that I will be used in preparing for a job someday. With that, I could I could say that those learning’s from where I had my practicum motivates me to be ready in the actual world of workplace. B. Which of the courses you have taken were of the most value during the Practicum? Of all the courses that I have taken the most valuable during the practicum was the Total Quality Management (TQM), which talks about on how to manage things in a proper way because in the work that I have undergo I was assigned in encoding, stamping, filing, arranging documents and from those worked that I have encountered I have learned to see to it that everything must be in the proper way. It should be organized and orderly done. C. What could your company/job supervisor have done to improve your practicum/fieldwork experience? My supervisor helped me to become a good listener, alert, and patience in every tasked that she gave to me. She made me become a good listener in the sense that I should see to it that in every words that she says, I must directly and clearly understand it. To be alert that in every assigned work I should have the enthusiasm or willingness to do and lastly she made me become patience, that whatever loaded work that will be given to me I shouldn’t be get mad or be high tempered. D. What could you have done to improve your practicum/fieldwork experience? The thing that I have done to improve my practicum experienced is to gain willingness in every tasked that will be given, because if there’s a willing power of a person there’s a big possibility to make the worked done properly E. What skills/competencies were you required to use in your fieldwork that: . 1. You felt prepared to do: The skills that I have required to used in my fieldwork that I felt prepared to do, are my skills in encoding, sorting, arranging bundles of documents even the ability to make conversations with clients and faced their concerns. 2. You felt unprepared to do: The skill that I felt unprepared to do was to market loans and making business transactions. Because I think I am not yet ready for that, I need to undergo an experienced for me to be ready. F. What other courses or learning experiences would have helped in the Practicum? The other learning experiences that have helped in the practicum was our subject in Marketing Management which tackled about on how to market products or services, reminds me in the official business travel that I have joined together with the selected employees from the bank where I did my on-the-job-training. From which I saw the actual scene on how to market loans. The other subject that helped me in the practicum was our Management 3 which talks about the ethical behavior, helped me to behave in a descent way and treat one another fairly even if a person is lower than your position G. What suggestions can you make to help improve the Practicum Program? I suggests that if

Hospital Two Times On Different Accounts †Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Hospital Two Times On Different Accounts? Answer: Introduction This essay discusses the case of Mr. Smith, a 76-year old Caucasian who was admitted in hospital two times on different accounts. During the first admission, the client had complained of bruises around the naval region, but the physicist dismissed the claims saying that the condition was normal for people on Warfarin (anticoagulant or blood thinner). The doctor assumed that the patient had diverticulitis; a condition that occurs when pouches or the diverticula form on the colon walls). A CT scan was done and showed that the patient had abdominal bleeding thus calling for admission. In the following morning, MR. Smith found more bruises around the abdomen extending to his back and was prescribed Heparin to prevent blood clotting. On a different account; that is a week after the first admission, the client was readmitted back in a local hospital on account that he had heart and lung diseases. These conditions manifest in the first admission of the patient where it was noted that he had a history of Asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Following these conditions, a CT imaging was done and showed fluids surrounding the lungs and heart. The previous history revealed that the patient had aortic valve replacement and lung diseases. On the third day, the patient complained of discomfort in the chest and throat, and Troponin levels indicated that he had a heart attack but no heart damage. Ultimately, he was recommended other medication such as Frusemide and Cephaxelin to eliminate the fluid build up in the lungs and heart. Specifically, this essay will focus on the use of multiple medications for patients with heart and lung diseases and abdominal bleeding. It will also focus on parameters for med ication and tests dosage for different medications, their side effects, precautions and diagnostics. Bruises around the Naval Region Bruises are discolouration or tenderness of the skin due to blood leakage as a result of blood vessel injury (Garfinkel and Mangin, 2010). They are prevalent among the adults since their skin, and blood vessels tend to become thinner with ageing and also due to increased use of medications that affect the blood clotting agents. The use of asthma medications can lead to increased bruising. According to Khan et al., (2012) anticoagulants or blood thinners, particularly Warfarin and heparin can cause severe bruising. Bruising around the abdomen can be an indication of internal bleeding. Although bruising is a minor issue that does not call for a formal medical diagnosis, bruises in some parts of the body would require a number of blood tests or a computed tomography (CT) scan if the region of the bruise is hard (Khan et al., 2012). Eventually, the doctor dismisses Mr. Smiths complain of bruises around the naval region on the account that he is on Warfarin medication. The formal results then showed that the patient had abdominal bleeding. Lawrence et al., (2010) asserts that internal bleeding can cause shock, organ failure or death. In cases where there is uncontrolled bleeding in the abdomen, the body may lose a lot of RBCs thus hindering supply of oxygen in the body. Diagnosis of Abdominal Bleeding Diagnosis can be done by a gastroenterologist, a primary care officer or an emergency room physician (Ng et al., 2013). If the abdominal bleeding is suspected, a doctor can conduct a blood test or CT imaging to confirm the diagnosis. Laboratory tests are commonly used in diagnosing internal bleeding. As Ng et al., (2013) asserts, a blood test is done to confirm infection or blood count, where the test showing a high white blood cell count is an indication of infection. The tests can also reveal the presence of anaemia or inflammation. A CT scan is another commonly used method to diagnose abdominal bleeding. According to the World Gastroenterology Organisation (WGO), the tomography scan offers benefits of evaluating bowel and mesentery with a sensitivity of 67% to 97% and specificity of 76% to 100%. Computed tomography findings show bowel wall thickening, periodic fat stranding, free fluid and an abscess (Robertson et al., 2014). Moreover, an inflamed pouch can show overhead sign where an iodinated contrast represents an overhead configuration at the foot of the inflamed pouch. The primary reason why the scan will show a thick bowel wall is that when inflammation occurs, free air, as well as abscess formation will be present. However, correct diagnosis of the bleeding ranges from 60 to 97% as per the facility evaluated. As of late, a vast number of physicians order a CT scan over Barium enema, which is usually ordered when the diagnosis from the CT scan is not conclusive (Walker and Harris et al., 2017). After perf orming an abdominal CT scan from the patient, the result showed that Mr. Smith had an internal bleeding and needed to be admitted. Earlier on, the doctor had suspected diverticulosis and prescribed three medications; Amoxicillin 500mg, Movical to help with constipation, and Endone 2.5 mg to relieve pain. Medications for internal bleeding Amoxicillin This is an antibiotic used to treat bacterial infections. Doctors prescribe amoxicillin to treat different infections such as urinary tract infection, lungs, stomach and skin infections. It is important to finish a prescribed medication even if a person feels better in the course of taking the drug. Although amoxicillin could interfere with some birth control pills for the women, elderly adults like the case of Mr. Smith needs to take a lower dosage of the drug. Also using the drug can be risky for certain conditions such diarrhoea and asthma. Although it is not mentioned whether the patient is allergic to penicillin, it is vital to note that existing use of asthma medications could control symptoms in asthmatic patients, and over continued use of antibiotics like amoxicillin can lead to more problems with the development of drug-resistance bacteria (Vonbach et al., 2007). Antibiotics like amoxicillin can cause signs such as loose stools and frequent bowel movements. For the case of Mr. Smith, this condition is likely to prevail not only because of diverticulitis but also due to continued use of asthmatic drugs like prednisone. Dosage; A dose of amoxicillin depends on two things; how severe the infection is and the type of disease a patient is having. The drug comes in tablets and capsules form. For the adults, they should take the drug as prescribed by their doctor. A common dose of the drug for adults with mild to moderate infection is 500mg/12hours or 250mg/8 hours until a prescription is completed. For severe infections, a dose of 875mg/12 hours is recommended or 500mg/8hours. Mr. Smith had been recommended an amoxicillin dosage of 500mg for five days Side effects; According to Tolosana et al., (2009), some of the common side effects of amoxicillin include diarrhoea, vomiting and stomach upset. Other side effects are chest pain, difficulty in breathing, unusual bruising /bleeding, severe or bloody diarrhoea, severe rash e.t.c. Mr Smith had a history of COPD, and Asthma which causes breathlessness and bleeding/bruises hence this drug would have adverse effect on his condition. Movicol This is a laxative medication used to treat constipation in adults and the elderly (Yachimski and Friedman, 2008). It is not recommended for persons under the age of 12 years. The drug should not be taken by people with a blockage in the intestine, serious bowel inflammatory diseases and perforated gut wall. When taking the medication, it is recommended to take plenty of fluids. It is also important for the patient to inform a doctor of other medications he might be using since not all drugs work effectively with Movicol. Dosage; The drug can be taken anytime with/without food. The content of the sachet is dissolved in 125 ml of fluid like water. For constipation, the medication is one to three times a day depending on the severity of constipation. A dose of eight sachets of Movicol a day is the recommended dose for treatment of faecal impaction. The sachets (each 13.8g) should be taken within six hours up to three days if necessary. For the case heart condition, do not exceed two sachets in one hour. This is witnessed in the case of Mr. Smith who is having heart attack hence; he should stick to the recommended dose by the doctor. Side effects; Allergic reactions that cause breathlessness and swelling of the throat face and lips are common side effects of Movicol. Other allergic reactions may include mild diarrhoea at the start of the dose, reddening of the skin, soreness of the anus and stomach ache. These conditions get better when the amount of Movicol intake is reduced. Endone According to Skandarajah (2005), endone is a medication used to relieve pain. It is prescribed by a pharmacologist or a doctor for long term or short term and in the case of Mr. Smith, it is used to reduce the abdominal pain. Special care needs to be taken when on Endone prescription because it is known to interact with ojther medications such as Movicol (for bowel disorder), warfarin and Heparin (anticoagulants) and asthma/ COPD medications. The client goes through a vast number of these conditions hence it would be advisable to inform the doctor of current medications Dosage; A pharmacology or doctor will recommend the right dose depending on nature as well as the extent of the pain. The drug is taken orally where each tablet contains 5mg of oxycodone hydrochloride, an ingredient used to relieve pain. The usual dose of Endone is 4 to 6 hours after meals. Robertson et al., (2014) holds that a doctor can adjust the dose depending on the severity and nature of the pain as well as effectiveness of the drug. The drug takes up to 15 minutes to start working and can be effective for up to six hours. To relieve abdominal pain, Mr. Smith is recommended 2.5 mg of Endone every 6 to 24 hours Side effects; Endone has common and uncommon side effects. Some of the common side effects include constipation (for the case of the client), urinary retention, dry mouth and unusual tiredness or weakness. Other uncommon side effects of Endone include breathlessness, restlessness, mood changes and muscle rigidity to mention just a few (Robertson etal., 2014). Although the patient feels weak, breathlessness is common since he suffers from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Medications for Abdominal Bleeding, Heart and Lung Diseases After a CT scan of the abdomen was conducted, the results showed that Mr. Smith had internal bleeding. A CT of the abdomen is a diagnostic imaging test used to detect diseases of the large intestine, small bowel as well as other internal organs (Vonbach et al., 2007). The following morning the client found that the bruises had extended to the back and the doctor concluded that the INR was 5 despite the fact that he was on warfarin. Warfarin is an anticoagulant that decreases the bodys ability to form clotting factors via blocking the formation of vitamin k-dependent clotting factor (Vonbach et al., 2007). People on warfarin should have a basic international normalised ratio (INR) of 2 to 3. Since the INR for the client was 5 which is very high, the doctor reversed the warfarin with vitamin K injection to clot the blood since the patient was bleeding excessively. Since it is hard to maintain a balance between the bleeding and clotting, heparin was introduced and then Warfarin reintrod uced back on different doses until the INR became stable and the bleeding stopped. Warfarin and Heparin Warfarin is an oral anticoagulant which reduces the formation of blood clots in the arteries or veins while Heparin is an alternative for warfarin only that it is administered intravenously in dilution form (Garfinkel and Mangin, 2010). Since the patient had a history of aortic valve replacement, it can be suggested that aorta had ruptured hence the need for an anticoagulant. Warfarin should be taken by people with the bleeding disorder, blood in the stool, stomach bleeding or infection in the stomach lining (Garfinkel and Mangin, 2010). This is evident in the case where the patients had chest pain. Most importantly, the drug increases the chances of blood clotting; hence it would be advisable not to take the medication for a person who has a bleeding disorder, infections on the lining of the heart, stomach/intestinal bleeding. These are some of the signs Mr. Smith had hence the reason the bleeding cloud not stop. Since Warfin was not effective for the blood clot, the doctor opted fo r heparin and then reintroduced warfarin back in different portions thus balancing the bleeding and formation of blood clot. According to research, warfarin/Heparin can make a person bleed more especially if he/she has bleeding disorders, severe heart disease, history of internal bleeding and for people aged 65 years and over. (Lawrence et al., 2010) This shows that Mr. Smith was vulnerable of the bleeding. Dosage; Warfarin should be taken as prescribed by the doctor. While taking the medication, it is nice to have INR tests taken to measure how long the blood takes to clot. This will help a doctor prescribe the best dose. The initial dose for adults is 2 to 5 mg once a day and then adjusts the dose as per the results of the INR. The doctor should dictate the dosage. On the other hand, heparin is introduced intravenously after dilution. The dosage of heparin needs to be adjusted following the patient INR results (Ng et al., 2013). The dosage is considered adequate when the activated partial thromboplastin time is either 1.5 or 2.0 times normal. Side effects; the most severe side effects of warfarin are bleeding. Signs and symptoms of bleeding include bruising, trouble breathing, blood in the spit and abdominal or stomach pain. According to research, such medication can affect a persons clotting factors hence the risk of continued bleeding. Haemorrhage is a complication that can result from heparin infusion. Hypersensitivity accompanied by fever and chills is another heparin side effect that might manifest over the continued use of heparin (Ng et al., 2013). Clexane 40mg sub cut injections; this is an anticoagulant made to prevent blood clot especially in the legs. It goes hand in hand with warfarin to prevent blood clots. Some of the common side effects of clexane injections include back pain, fast heart beat, bleeding at the injections sites and dizziness to mention just a few. For the dosage, Mr. Smith was receiving clexane sub cut injections twice a week following the discharge from hospital. Another drug that was prescribed to the patient is aspirin. This is a drug used to reduce fever /inflammation and treat pain. At times, it can be used to prevent cardiac arrest, angina and strokes. Some of the side effects of include mild headache, drowsiness and heartburn. The patient was prescribed this medication to prevent such complications. On the second admission in a local hospital, Mr. Smith complained of difficulties in breathing and Felt weak. It should be noted that the client had a previous history of lung diseases (COPD and asthma) and aortic valve replacement. After a CT scan, it was found that fluid was surrounding his lungs and heart and prescribed Frusemide. After the client was admitted to a coronary care unit, no signs of heart damage were found hence more emphasis was put on the lungs. Frusemide was prescribed to treat fluid build up in the lungs and cephalexin for infections. Frusemide or Furosemide is a diuretic drug that can be used to treat different conditions such as hypertension, Edema (build up of fluids in the lungs) and kidney diseases (Lawrence et al., 2013). The drug causes severe effects such as diarrhoea, constipation, vertigo and blurred vision. The dosage of the medication ranges from 10mg to 80mg three times a day. The dosage is dependent on the severity of the disease. From the case stud y, the patient is prescribed 40gm to treat edema. Ultimately, the patient was prescribed cephalexin to help fight bacteria in the body, and after adhering to the prescribed medication, the patients condition started to improve, and on the 13th day after the second admission, the patient was discharged from the hospital. Conclusion Abdominal bleeding is a condition that calls for quick and thorough medication. Although the condition has adverse complications which may call for surgery, it is advisable to adhere to a prescribed dosage for quick treatment. For patients who are on medications or had a history of certain illnesses or condition, it is vital for them to notify their doctor on the current medication they are using to prevent reaction with other drugs which may end up worsening the condition of a disease instead of bringing an end to the illness. Also, it should be noted that body system reacts differently to different medications; hence it is essential to be aware of the alternatives and also have knowledge of how drugs react to each other. References Fahim, M., Hawley, C. M., McDonald, S. P., Brown, F. G., Rosman, J. B., Wiggins, K. J., ... Johnson, D. W. (2010). Culture-negative peritonitis in peritoneal dialysis patients in Australia: predictors, treatment, and outcomes in 435 cases. American Journal of Kidney Diseases, 55(4), 690-697. Garfinkel, D., Mangin, D. (2010). Feasibility study of a systematic approach for discontinuation of multiple medications in older adults: addressing polypharmacy. Archives of internal medicine, 170(18), 1648-1654. Khan, N., Ismail, F., Van de Werke, I. E. (2012). Oesophageal pouches and diverticula: a pictorial review: general surgery. South African Journal of Surgery, 50(3), 71-75. Lawrance, I. C., Radford?Smith, G. L., Bampton, P. A., Andrews, J. M., Tan, P. K., Croft, A., ... Florin, T. H. (2010). Serious infections in patients with inflammatory bowel disease receiving anti?tumor?necrosis?factor?alpha therapy: An Australian and New Zealand experience. Journal of gastroenterology and hepatology, 25(11), 1732-1738. Ng, K. S., Nassar, N., Gladman, M. A. (2013). Su1053 Prevalence of Functional Bowel Disorders and Faecal Incontinence in Primary Health-Care Seekers: An Australian Experience. Gastroenterology, 144(5), S-387. Robertson, K., Plummer, D., Ede, J., Scuderi, C., Wenta, E., James, R., ... Kizur, K. (2014). Utilisation patterns of oxycodone/naloxone combination versus oxycodone alone in a regional hospital. Australian Pharmacist, 33(7), 67. Skandarajah, A. R. (2015). Diverticulosis, diverticular disease and diverticulitis. Journal of Stomal Therapy AustraliaVolume, 35(3), 9. Tolosana, J. M., Berne, P., Mont, L., Heras, M., Berruezo, A., Monteagudo, J., ... Brugada, J. (2009). Preparation for pacemaker or implantable cardiac defibrillator implants in patients with high risk of thrombo-embolic events: oral anticoagulation or bridging with intravenous heparin? A prospective randomized trial. European heart journal, 30(15), 1880-1884. Vonbach, P., Reich, R., Mll, F., Krhenbhl, S., Ballmer, P. E., Meier, C. R. (2007). Risk factors for gastrointestinal bleeding: a hospital-based case-control study. Drug-Drug Interactions in the Hospital, 103. Walker, M. M., Harris, A. K. (2017). Pathogenesis of diverticulosis and diverticular disease. Minerva gastroenterologica e dietologica, 63(2), 99-109. Wysowski, D. K., Nourjah, P., Swartz, L. (2007). Bleeding complications with warfarin use: a prevalent adverse effect resulting in regulatory action. Archives of internal medicine, 167(13), 1414-1419. Yachimski, P. S., Friedman, L. S. (2008). Gastrointestinal bleeding in the elderly. Nature Reviews. Gastroenterology Hepatology, 5(2), 80.

Marketing and the Tobacco Industry free essay sample

A paper which examines how the tobacco industry markets its products. Approximately every day the tobacco industry loses around 7,000 customers in the U.S. alone. This paper examines ways in which the tobacco industry markets its products in order to retrieve some of these lost customers, with emphasis on promoting cigarettes to the younger generation. Issues explored include cartoon characters, free cigarette giveaways, sponsored public events and walking billboards. The paper also discusses the results of these attempts on product marketing. The most shocking example is the RJR Nabiscos Joe Camel campaign that aimed to hit its young targets. (Ad weeks Marketing Week, 1991) Joe Camel has greatly influenced not only the teenagers between the ages of 14- 18 years but even the very young. For instance of the study showed that almost one-third of three-year-olds matched Joe Camel with cigarettes and by the age of six, children were as familiar with him as with the Mickey Mouse (Brand Logo Recognition by Children Aged Three to Six Years, 1991). We will write a custom essay sample on Marketing and the Tobacco Industry or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page

Medicine in Ancient Egypt Essays

Medicine in Ancient Egypt Essays Medicine in Ancient Egypt Paper Medicine in Ancient Egypt Paper Essay Topic: Burial Rites Love Medicine People sometimes say that the ancient Egyptian civilization endured without much change for more than three thousand years. This is only partially true because, in fact, Egyptian ways of life, philosophy, religion, language, and art changed considerably over time. However, the ancient Egyptian culture retained its identity and general character to a remarkable degree over the course of its history: a situation due in part to Egypt’s favorable and secure location. Essentially a river oasis, the country was bordered by deserts to the west and east, by the Mediterranean Sea to the north, and by the first cataract of the Nile at Aswan in the south. Situated in the northeastern corner of Africa, Egypt was a center for trade routes to and from western Asia, the Mediterranean, and central Africa. Ancient Egyptian medicine is the medicine that was commonly practiced in Ancient Egypt from circa 3300BC until Persian invasion of 525 BC. The medicine was highly advanced for the time and included surgery, setting of bones and extensive set of Pharmacopoeia. Remedies were sometimes characterized by magical incantations and dubious ingredients, often had a rational basis. Medical texts specified specific steps of examination, diagnosis, prognosis and treatments that were rational and appropriate. The practices of Egyptian physicians ranged from embalming, to faith healing to surgery, and autopsy. There was no separation of Physician, Priest and Magician in Egypt. Healing was an art that was addressed on many levels during ancient Egyptian period Modern medicine owes much to the Ancient Egyptians. Historians divide the history of Ancient Egypt ancient Egypt into: Prehistory (up to ca. 3100 B. C. ), the Archaic Period (ca. 3100- 2650 B. C. ) the Old Kingdom (ca. 2650-2150 B. C. ), the Middle Kingdom (ca. 2040-1640 B. C. ), the New Kingdom (ca. 1550-1070 B. C. ), the Late Period (ca. 712-332 B. C. ), and the Ptolemaic (Hellenistic) and Roman Periods (332 B. C. -A. D. 395). The main sources of information about ancient Egyptian medicine were writings from antiquity until 19th century as in Odyssey (800B. C), observations recorded by Greek historian Herodotus (440BC), writings of Pliny the Elder. The father of modern medicine Hippocrates (ca 460BC-370BC), Herophilos (ca335-280 BC) Erasistratus (ca 310 BC-250BC, who founded a school of anatomy) and Galen studied at the temple of Amenhotep and acknoledged the contribution of ancient Egyptian medicine to Greek medicine. Much of what we now know of Egyptian medicine and the work of the physicians come from a variety of medical documents written by physician-priests. These documents, known as papyrus are the first known records of medical practice. The various papyrus documents that have been recovered and translated show us that the Egyptians had developed an understanding of medicine. The evidence provided by these early medical training manuals is quite remarkable. They show quite clearly that the Egyptians had identified and developed cures for a wide range of diseases, many of which cures are still in use today. Such was the extent of Egyptian knowledge that there are records of over 800 medical procedures and remedies making use of over 600 drugs and a vast array of surgical tools. A few papyri have survived, from which we can learn about Egyptian medicine: The Edwin Smith Papyrus describing surgical diagnosis and treatments: opens with eight texts concerning head wounds, followed by nineteen treatments of wounds to the face, six descriptions of how to deal with injuries to throat and neck, five dealing with collar-bones and Ancient Egypt arms, and seven with chest complaints. Some important notions concerning the nervous system originated with the Egyptians, a word for brain is used here for the first time in any written language: â€Å"the membrane enveloping his brain, so that it breaks open his fluid in the interior of his head† (The Edwin Smith papyrus, case6). Acting conservatively, they knew how to treat injuries to the brain without killing the patient, but on the whole their understanding of the brain and its functions was superficial: they considered thinking to be a function of the heart. Their dissection of bodies during mummification seems not to have added greatly to their knowledge of the inner workings of the human body, possibly because mummifiers and physicians did not move in the same circles. The Ebers Papyrus on ophthalmology, diseases of the digestive system, the head, the skin and specific maladies like aAa, which some think may have been a precursor of AIDS and others consider to have been a disease of the urinary tract. Kahun Gynecological Papyrus, the Berlin Medical papyrus, the London Medical Papyrus, the Hearst medical papyrus and the Demotic magical Papyrus of London and Leiden: contains a number of spells for treating physical ailments, also give extensive information about the medicine during ancient Egypt. The cause of diseases, Anatomy, Physiology and practices The human body was believed to be born in a healthy state, and could not fall ill or die except through the influence of a foreign agent. In case of wounds or intestinal worms, that agent was visible and the treatment prescribed was hence rational. As they were not aware of microbiology, internal diseases were thought to be due to an occult force attributed to evil gods, a divine punishment or magical procedures. The physician was obliged to neutralize this evil Ancient Egypt before turning into actual treatment. The use of Autopsy came through the extensive embalming practices of the Egyptians, as it was not unlikely for an embalmer to examine the body for a cause of the illness which killed it. The use of surgery also evolved from a knowledge of the basic anatomy and embalming practices of the Egyptians. From such careful observations made by the early medical practitioners of Egypt, healing practices began to center upon both the religious rituals and the lives of the ancient Egyptians. The prescription for a healthy life, which was always given by a member of the priestly caste, meant that an individual undertook the stringent and regular purification rituals, and maintained their dietary restrictions against raw fish and other animals considered unclean to eat. In addition to a purified lifestyle, it was not uncommon for the Egyptians to undergo dream analysis to find a cure or cause for illness, as well as to ask for a priest to aid them with magic, this example obviously portrays that religious magical rites and purificatory rites were intertwined in the healing process as well as in creating a proper lifestyle. The practice of medicine was fairly advanced in Ancient Egypt, with Egyptian physicians having a wide and excellent reputation. Sovereigns from foreign lands have frequently appealed to pharaohs to send them their physicians. A wall painting in a Thebean grave of the 18th dynasty (1400 BC) depicts â€Å"Nebamun†, scribe and physician of the king, receiving a Syrian prince paying him for his services in gifts. According to Herodotus, King Cyrus of Persia has requested Amasis (Ahmose II of the 26th dynasty, 560 BC) to send him the most skilful of all the Egyptian eye-doctors. Egyptian physicians recognized the heart as the source of blood vessels. They were aware that the blood vessels were hollow, having a mouth which opens to absorb medications, Ancient Egypt eliminate waste elements, distribute air and body secretions and excretions, in confusion between blood vessels and other passages, as ureters. The physiology of blood circulation was demonstrated in the Edwin Smith Papyrus, together with its relation to the heart, as well as awareness of the importance of the pulse. They also knew that blood supply runs from the heart to all organs of the body. â€Å"There are vessels in him for every part of the body†. â€Å"It speaks forth in the vessels of every body part† (Edwin Smith Papyrus) However, their inability to distinguish between blood vessels, nerves, tendons and channels has limited their full understanding of the physiology of circulation. The diseases: The common cold plagued the ancient Egyptians as it still does us today, and their remedy, the milk of a mother who has given birth to a boy, was probably as effective as anything we have got today. Insect, especially scorpion bites or snake bites, both very frequent in Egypt, were treated by magicians, as there appears to have been no specific balm or ointment used, and as we have records of many spells, written on papyri and magical charms devoted to these two occurrences. Bilharziasis (schistosomiasis) a common disease in a country flooded for months every year a common cause of anemia, female infertility, a debilitating loss of resistance to other diseases and subsequent death. The Ebers Papyrus addresses some of the symptoms of the disease and in two columns discusses treatment and prevention of bleeding in the urinal tract (haematuria). The Hearst Papyrus cites antimony disulfide as a remedy. Insect borne diseases like malaria and trachoma were endemic; plagues spread along the trade routes and a number of yadet renpet epidemics reported in Egyptian documents are thought by some to Ancient Egypt have been outbreaks of bubonic plague. Smallpox, measles, and cholera were easily propagated in the relatively densely populated Nile valley, where practically the whole population lived within a narrow strip of land. Silicosis of the lungs, the result of breathing in airborne sand particles, was a frequent cause of death, as was pneumonia. The various kinds of malignant tumors were almost as frequent then as they are nowadays in comparable age and gender groups. Eye infections are a common complaint in Africa. In ancient Egypt they were at least in part prevented by the application of bactericidal eye paint. The ingredients of some of the remedies may not have been as difficult to come by in a civilization where the brain was removed in little bits from the skull during mummification as it would be in a modern western country. ‘Prescription for the eye, to be used for all diseases which occur in this organ: Human brain, divide into its two halves, mix one half with honey, smear on the eye in the evening, dry the other half, mash, sift, smear on the eye in the morning’(Ebers Papyrus). Open wounds were often treated with honey. But sometimes lockjaw set in. When a tetanus infection was recognized, physicians knew they were powerless against this affliction. Dietary Deficiencies: A restricted diet caused or aggravated a number of ailments; some with fatal outcome . There were times when malnutrition was widespread. Growth of the population was therefore often stunted. Because of vitamin and other deficiencies, dental abrasion, and bad mouth hygiene, caries and abscesses were the lot of many. Herbal medicines: Herbs played a major part in Egyptian medicine. The plant medicines mentioned in the Ebers papyrus include opium, cannabis, myrrh, frankincense, fennel, cassia, Ancient Egypt senna, thyme, henna, juniper, aloe, linseed and castor oil. Cloves of garlic have been found in Egyptian burial sites. Egyptians thought garlic and onions aided endurance, and consumed large quantities of them. Raw garlic was routinely given to asthmatics and to those suffering with bronchial-pulmonary complaints. Coriander (C. Sativum) was considered to have cooling, stimulant, carminative and digestive properties. Cumin (Cumin cyminum) is an umbelliferous herb indigenous to Egypt. The seeds were considered to be a stimulant and effective against flatulence. Cumin powder mixed with some wheat flour as a binder and a little water was applied to relieve the pain of any aching or arthritic joints. Tape worms, the snakes in the belly, were dealt with by an infusion of pomegranate root in water, which was strained and drunk. Ulcers were treated with yeast, as were stomach ailments. Some of the medicines were made from plant materials imported from abroad. Mandrake, introduced from Canaan and grown locally since the New Kingdom, was thought to be an aphrodisiac and, mixed with alcohol, induced unconsciousness. Oil of fir, an antiseptic, originated in the Levant. The Persian henna was grown in Egypt since the Middle Kingdom, and if identical with henu mentioned in the Ebers Papyrus was used against hair loss. They treated catarrh with aloe which came from eastern Africa. Frankincense, containing tetrahydrocannabinol and used like hashish as pain killer, was imported from Punt. Animal products and minerals were used too. Honey and grease formed part of many wound treatments, mothers milk was occasionally given against viral diseases like the common cold, fresh meat laid on open wounds and sprains, and animal dung was thought to be effective at times. Malachite used as an eye-liner also had therapeutic value. In a country where eye Ancient Egypt infections were endemic, the effects of its germicidal qualities were appreciated even if the reasons for its effectiveness were not understood. Pregnancy and childbirth: Fertility was important to the Egyptians and the Kahun Gynecological Papyrus includes a number of tests for it. At the same time there seems to have existed the need for planning pregnancies. Silphium grown in Cyrene was famous for many medical qualities, including its contraceptive properties. They also devised the first known pregnancy test: Means for knowing if a woman will give birth or will not give birth: (Put) some barley and some wheat (into two bags of cloth) which the woman will moisten with her urine every day, equally barley and grain in the two bags. If both the barley and the wheat sprout she will give birth. If (only) the barley germinates it will be a boy, if it is the wheat which alone germinates it will be a girl. If neither germinates she will not give birth (Berlin papyrus 3. 038) The Ebers papyrus mentions two remedies which cause all to come out which is in the stomach of a woman, possibly referring to inducing a miscarriage. Birth itself was dangerous both to the mother and the baby. Infant mortality was high, probably around 30 percent, and complications and child bed fever killed many women. Surgery: At Saqqara there is the tomb of Ankh-Mahor, known as The Tomb of the Physician. In one of the wall pictures two men are having their extremities treated variously explained as manicure, massage or surgery. Another picture shows the performance of a circumcision of adolescents (the only instance of a depiction of this procedure) with the hieroglyphs saying The ointment is used to make it acceptable, which has been interpreted as meaning that a local Ancient Egypt anesthetic was being used, though this reading is, as happens often in such inscriptions, doubtful. Poppies are occasionally mentioned in Egyptian medical literature and the physicians had a pretty good idea of their properties. Boys destined for priesthood were circumcised as part of the initial ritual cleansing, which also included the shaving of the whole body. The practice of circumcision became more universal during the Late Period, perhaps as part of a rite of passage. Prostheses and cosmetics: Prostheses were generally of a cosmetic character, such as an artificial toe made of cartonnage at the British Museum, or added as a preparation for afterlife such as a forearm on a mummy in Arlington Museum (England) and an artificial penis and feet on another mummy in the Manchester Museum . Wooden big toe prosthesis has also been found in a fifty to sixty year old woman, after her big toe had been amputated, possibly because of gangrene. A glass eye with a white eyeball and a black pupil, but lacking an iris, was probably inserted into the empty eye socket of a mummy rather than used by a living person. Physicians performed other cosmetic tasks as well. Apart from prescribing lotions, salves and unguents for skin care, they also produced remedies against the loss of hair and graying, which was combated by an ointment made with blood from the horn of a black bull. Hair loss was hoped to be stopped by a mixture of honey and fats from crocodiles, lions, hippos, cats, snakes, and ibex. Dentistry: As their diet included much abrasive material (sand and small stone particles from grinding the corn) the teeth of the ancient Egyptians were generally in a very poor state. Caries and the destruction of the enamel caused the loss of teeth at an early age and often killed as well. Caries were sometimes treated by fillings made of resin and chrysocolla, a greenish mineral containing copper. Swollen gums were treated with a concoction of cumin, incense and Ancient Egypt onion. Opium might be given against severe pain. At times holes were drilled into the jawbone in order to drain abscesses. But extraction of teeth, which might have saved the lives of many a patient, was rarely if ever practiced. The profession of dental physician seems to have existed since the early third millennium: Hesi-re is the first known Doctor of the Tooth. Physicians: The ancient Egyptian word for doctor is swnw. Hesi-re was the earliest recorded physician and the lady Peseshet (2400BC) may be the first recorded female doctor. Most famous of the Egyptian physicians is Imhotep, who is also renowned for his role as a Pyramid designer. Imhotep used a variety of methods to heal patients but based much of their practice upon religious belief. It was common for different priests to act as physicians for different parts of the body, in much the same way that doctors specialize now, as they believed that different gods governed different sectors of the human body. Medical institutions were known to have established in ancient Egypt since as early as the 1st dynasty (3100- 2600BC) and by 19th dynasty (1550-1070 BC) their employees enjoyed benefits like medical insurance, pensions and sick leave and they worked 8hours a day. Magic and religion: Magic and religion were part of everyday life in ancient Egypt and Gods and demons were thought to be responsible for many illness. So often the treatments involved a supernatural element: the first attempt was an appeal to a deity. Priests and magicians were called on to treat the disease instead or in addition to a physician. Physicians often used incantations and magical ingredients as a part of the treatment and many medicines apparently lacked active ingredients. The wider spread use belief in magic and religion may have contributed to a powerful placebo effect. The impact of the magic is seen in the selection of remedies or ingredients for them. Depiction of a medical kit: 1) knives, 2) drill, 3) saw, 4) forceps or pincers, 5) censer, 6) hooks, 70 bags tied with string,(8, 10) beaked vessel, 11) vase with burning incense, 12) Horus eyes, 13) scales, 14) pot with flowers of Upper and Lowed Egypt, 15) pot on pedestal, 16) graduated cubit or papyrus scroll with out side knot ( or a case holding reed scalpels), 17) shears, 18) spoons. Conclusion: The people of Ancient Egypt made several major medical discoveries and began treating diseases in a physical manner alongside older spiritual cures. Though much of the advancement in medical knowledge and practice was a side effect of religious ceremonies the effect on public health and knowledge of the human body was tremendous. Fuelled by a desire to enter the afterlife Egyptian knowledge of the workings of the body encompassed new areas of medicine ranging from a basic understanding of anatomy to the introduction of some surgical skills. Ancient Egypt References: 1. Allen, Thomas George ;1936, Egyptian Stelae, Field Museum of Natural History: Anthropological Series; Vol. XXIV, No. 1, Chicago 2. Breasted, J. H. (1906) Ancient Records of Egypt 3. Breasted, J. H. (1930) The Edwin Smith Surgical Papyrus (University of Chicago Press: University of Chicago,) 4. Brian Brown (ed. ) (1923); The Wisdom of the Egyptians. New York: Brentanos 5. Buikstra, J. E. ; Baker, B. J. ; Cook, D. C. (1993) What Disease Plagues the Ancient Egyptians? A Century of Controversy Considered, In Biological Anthropology and the Study of Ancient Egypt (eds. ) W,V. Davies and R. Walter (British Museum Press: London,) 6. Hurry, Jamieson, B. (1926) ; Imhotep, Oxford University Press 7. Nunn, J. F. (1996) Ancient Egyptian Medicine (University of Oklahoma Press: Norman,) 8. Sandison, A. T. ( 1980) Diseases in Ancient Egypt, in Mummies, Disease, and Ancient Cultures (eds. ) Aiden and Eve Cockburn (Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, 9. Sameh M. Arab, MDMEDICINE IN ANCIENT EGYPT 10. Scarre, Christopher; Fagan, M. Brian; 1997, Ancient Civilizations, Longman 11. mic. ki. se/Egypt. html 12. http://nefertiti. iwebland. com/timelines/topics/medicine. htm

Article Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 6

Review - Article Example The main purpose of this article is, therefore, to provide information regarding integrity and reliability measures within healthcare institutions. It further looks at how they apply in a clinical setup. It will further outline the approaches used to collect relevant integrity and reliability data. Based on the Scientific Merit Rating Scale, this study has a rating of four. This rating is attributed to a single subject design that has more than three participants. Four people are part of the study research. The type of measurement is continuous with no calibration data of any kind; it has a reliability of over 80%. Several evaluators who were part of the research by using psychometrically sufficient instruments further confirmed the diagnosis. To collect the data, direct behavioral observation to show the reaction of various patients based on the types of treatments that they received was conducted. The responses showed that the patients could easily maintain their composure and record their conditions before commencing treatment; however, after the treatment their conditions changed, and they were no longer in a position to maintain their composure. The rate of this response was over 90%. The criterion for the various tasks was outlined using several specific details. The study showed an average procedural integrity score of 75%. This was determined using a checklist of various sessions. An SMRS rating of three can be given to the author if this article sessions. The three participants in this study had various conditions, and the nurses gave them distinct treatments to establish their independent reactions. Each change in the treatment process resulted in a different reaction in each patient. There were some common factors among the patients; all of them were ill and had the ability to fill in their reports at the beginning of the exercise. This study can be termed as being generalized.

Advertisement in the Far East Economic Review magazine in 1972 Essay

Advertisement in the Far East Economic Review magazine in 1972 - Essay Example This "Advertisement in the â€Å"Far East Economic Review† magazine in 1972" outlines and analyzed the ad which was published in this particular media, its style and strategies. This advertisement uses sexual appeal to attract potential customers to use the airline. The advertisement poem is based entirely on sexuality to attract customers to choose MSA for there are beautiful airhostesses waiting to serve them early in the morning. Not just that, the picture that accompanies the text, shows a very pleasant looking woman standing amidst the passengers who are all men. This too is hinting at some sort of sexual discrimination that the airline seeks to exploit in order to get new customers (Goffman, 1979). Besides the critical sexist outlook of the advertisement, the poetry used in the advertisement is pretty catchy. Small verses are always helpful since the readers get them on their tongues quicker and they can relate to what they read when they are looking for a reliable service or product. The ad by MSA uses short verses, catchy words and sexual attraction to persuade customers to the airline. Although the ad is about attracting all kinds of customers to MSA, the picture depicts a slightly different story. It shows customers who are well suited indicating that MSA would be a great service for professional elites. By doing so, it would attract customers who are at the wealthier side and can afford more airline visits. This is indeed a clever strategy by the airline. That is again a very important aspect in the advertisement.

American History to 1877 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

American History to 1877 - Assignment Example l Army in the Battle of Brooklyn, the British Government requested to meet the Congress representatives to negotiate for a bloodless resolution to the armed hostilities. This opened the possibility of a peaceful compromise. The colonials were willing enough to send a delegation, which included Benjamin Franklin and John Adams, and talk the matter out with the British imperial army led by Admiral, Lord Richard Howe (The History Place, n.d.). For five years negotiations were ongoing even as the war continued, but the opportunity dissolved when the colonials refused to renounce the Declaration of Independence. The unyielding attitude of both parties finally resulted to the termination of a possible compromise upon American victory in 1781 (Lanning, 2008, p. 246). (2) Union policy over slavery changed throughout the course of the war because of internal rifts between the Northern and Southern states, which were in a tight competition for political power. First, the Southern states wanted slaves to be counted in the census so as to have more representatives in Congress than the North, but this was vetoed by the North. The result was a compromise that each slave was only worth three-fifths of a white Southerner. Second, the South wanted to expand slavery into the newly acquired territories from the Mexican War but Northern states were strongly against this move. Finally, Northern states were angered by the Supreme Court decision to free a slave named Dred Scott, who was brought to a free state by his owner (Oracle ThinkQuest, n.d). These rifts sowed the seeds of the civil war. Abrahalm Lincoln, whose own inconsistent decisions on the slavery issue contributed to the changing policies of the Union, depended on the progression of these rifts befo re he finally conceded to how slavery contradicted the constitutional mandate that â€Å"all men are born equal† and declared war (Taylor, 2008; Public Broadcasting Service, n.d.). (3) America made a lot of transformations from

History Of Intruder Knowledge Versus Attack Sophistication Information Technology Essay

History Of Intruder Knowledge Versus Attack Sophistication Information Technology Essay Intrusion detection is a necessary security infrastructure for any organization. Its a process of noticing or monitoring the events like imminent threats or unexpected new attacks, standard security practices, acceptable policies and existing attacks that occur in a network or computer. Detecting process is mainly based on signs of incidents. The process which attempts to block these detected incidents is known as intrusion prevention. Both the Intrusion Detection System (IDS) and Intrusion Prevention System (IPS) are principally focused on log information, identifying incidents, blocking incidents, reporting incidents to administrator. The regular problems when handling IDS is analysis of system generated events, because in a busy network there will be so many events to analyse with help of some monitoring tools and devices but its very hard manage due to unwanted outcomes, undetected threats and unmanageable threats. These threats can cause a serious damage to the network or organi zation. Research Question and Objectives: Every organisation recurrently face problem because of threats. As an Information Systems Security student I would like to do some research in Intrusion detection system. My main aim is to do an experiment on the Network Intrusion Detection System (NIDS) with help of Snort to detect network based attacks. Presently how the security infrastructure of the organizations is facing problems with imminent threats and malicious attacks? How it can be reduced by intrusion detection system? In what way the tools and techniques can be used to experiment the network based attacks? The research objectives are planning and implementing IDS, Monitoring for critical security threats and detecting them network wide, detecting malicious users on the network, proactive administration, regular network maintenance, 24/7 security event management, Signature and protocol tuning, alerting and preventing the detected threats. Hopefully all these objectives can be achieved by implement a network security with Snort. Snort is a flexible, small, light-weight and cross platform tool which is very suitable for NIDS. While working on this research network may also need some other computer running with tools like Suricata and Bro which are also familiar for NIDS and Experiment will also examine the integration of OSSEC with the analyst console Sguil. Literature Review: The Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) are vital modules of defensive methods to protect a network or computer system from abuse. Network intrusion detection system examines all inbound and outbound network activities and notices the attack in network or computer. IDS are a passive monitoring system it alerts when distrustful activity takes place. It inspects the network traffic and data. It identifies the probes, exploits, attacks and vulnerabilities. It responds to the malicious events in several ways like displaying alerts, events log or paging an administrator. It can reconfigure the network and reduce the effect of the malicious activities like worms and virus. It precisely looks at intrusion signatures or hacker signatures so that it can distinguish worms or viruses from general system activities. Intrusion detections are categorized as misuse detection, anomaly detection, passive and reactive system, network based system and host based system. This picture shows history of Intruder Knowledge versus Attack sophistication Source: http://www.cert.org/archive/pdf/IEEE_IDS.pdf Misuse detection: In misuse detection IDS investigates the gathered information and compares it to huge databases of attack signature. Primarily IDS look for particular attack which was already documented. It is very similar to anti-virus because the detection software has good collection of intrusion signature database and it compares packets against the database. Anomaly detection: In anomaly the administrator provides the baseline, network traffic load state, typical packet size, breakdown and protocol. Anomaly detector compares the inspected network segment to normal baseline and examines the anomalies. Passive and Reactive systems: In passive systems IDS perceive a potential security breach, signal alerts and information of logs. Coming to reactive system IDS reacts to the distrustful and malicious activities either by shutting down the user or by reprogramming the firewall to stop or block network traffic from a malicious source. Network based IDS: IDS are network or host based solutions. Network based intrusion detection systems (NIDS) is an independent platform which categorizes network traffic and examines multiple hosts. They are hardware appliances hence they consists of network intrusion detection capabilities. It does consist of hardware sensors which are located along the network or demilitarized zone. NIDS gains access over network traffic by connecting to network hubs and switches and they are configured got network tap or port mapping. The sensor software will examine all the data packets which are going in and out of the network. NIDS are comparatively cheaper solutions that HIDS. It also need less training and administration but it is not as flexible as HIDS. NIDS system must have a good bandwidth Internet access and regular updates of latest worms and virus signatures. Best example is Snort Host based IDS: Host based intrusion detection systems (HIDS) are not suitable for real time detection. It has to be configured properly to use in real time. It has software agents which are installed on individual host computers within the system. It analyse the packets going in and out from that specific computer where the intrusion detection software is installed. It also examines the application logs, system calls and file system changes. HIDS can provide some addition features which not there in NIDS. For instance HIDS are capable to inspect activities which are only able to implement by administrator. It detects the modifications in the key system files and can also examine the attempts to overwrite key files. Trojans and backdoors installation can be detected and stopped; these particular intrusions are not generally seen in NIDS. HIDS systems must have internet access and also frequent updates of worms and virus signatures. Certain application based IDS are also a portion of HIDS. Best examp le is OSSEC. IDS Protection Source: http://www.cert.org/archive/pdf/IEEE_IDS.pdf Intrusion detection system (IDS) vs. Intrusion prevention system (IPS): Most of them believe like IDS IPS works similar and IPS is future way of IDS. But it is like comparing an apple and banana. These two solutions are very different from each other. IDS is passive it monitors and detects but IPS is active prevention system. The IDS drawbacks can be overcome by implementation, management and proper training. IDS is a cheaper implementation that IPS. However, by looking at IPS benefits most of them believe that IPS is following generation of IDS. The main point to remember is that no single security device can prevent all attacks at all the time. IDS and IPS works satisfactory when they are integrated with some addition and current security solutions. The combination of firewall and IDS gives protection to system so IPS is usually considered as next generation IDS. Presently IPS also has both types of HIPS and NIPS as like IDS. IPS can some more actions like dropping the malicious data packets, sending an alarm, reorganizing the connection and/or stoppi ng the traffic from the malicious IP address, correcting CRC errors and few more like cleaning up unwanted network and transport layer options. Snort: Snort is free and open source software which is used for network intrusion detection (NIDS) and network intrusion prevention system (NIPS). Martin Roesch was the creator of snort in 1998 but now it is maintained by a network security software and hardware company known as Sourcefire. Roesch is the founder and Chief technical officer of Sourcefire. The latest version is 2.9.0.5 and it was released on 6th April 2011. It is written in C language and cross-platform so that can run on any operating system. It is also a licensed by GNU general public license. Over a decade Snort has been recognized as the best prominent software in the security Industry. Snort is a great piece of software used for NIDS. It has ability to perform real time traffic analysis, protocol analysis, content matching, Internet Protocol networks packet log and content search. It can even examine probes or attacks, buffer overflows, OS fingerprinting, common gateway interface, stealth port scans and server message block probes. Snort mainly configured in three modes network intrusion detection, sniffer and packet logger. In NIDS mode it can examine network traffic and inspect it against ruleset provided by the user. As a sniffer it read all network data packets and displays them on the user console. As a packet logger it writes all log packets to the harddisk. Some 3rd party tools like Snorby, RazorBack and Base interface with snort for administration, log analysis and reporting. Snort provides dramatic power, speed and performance. It is light weight and protects against latest dynamic threats by rules based detection engine. Its source code and ruleset are regularly revised and tested by worldwide security professionals. It is most popular for IDS and IPS solutions with more than 205,000 registered users. There are minimum 25 companies that are incorporate with Snort for network security assistance. Snort vs. Suricata vs. Bro Source:http://blog.securitymonks.com/2010/08/26/three-little-idsips-engines-build-their-open-source-solutions/ Suricata and Bro: Suricata is also an open sources which is used for IDS and/or IPS. Open Information Security Foundation (OISF) has developed it. First standard release was in July 2010. It was written in C language and can run in Linux, Mac and Windows operating systems. It was licensed by GNU general public license. Suricata is a new tool when compared with other Opensource IDS and very best in all as shown in the above figure. As its new software there are no much research papers and journals. Bro is open source and UNIX based, it is used for NIDS. It was written by Vern Paxson and licensed by BSD. It runs on any Linux based operating system. These two tools are very good very there is no much research and literature on them. But these two are quite good when compared to Snort. OSSEC and SGUIL: OSSEC is an open source HIDS. It does log analysis, rootkit detection, windows registry monitoring, active response and integrity checking. It offers IDS for all Linux, Mac and Windows Operating systems because it has centralized cross platform. It was written by Daniel B in 2004. SGUIL is a pool of free software modules for Network Security Monitoring and IDS alerts. It was written in Tcl/Tk and run on any OS which supports Tcl/Tk. It integrates with Snort and generates alert data and session data from SANCP. Full content can be retrieved my running Snort in packet logger mode. Sguil is an application of Network Security Monitoring (NSM) Critical evaluation: The gathered information from different sources gives a brief idea of research. Literature covers all the aims and objectives of the research which was drawn and supported from the pool of journals, research papers, white papers, blogs and wikis. Introduction gives the over idea of the research going to takes place. Research question focuses on the field of interest and research area. Objectives mentions the clear tasks what are going to be achieved and its designed as a step by step procedure like starting with planning and implementation of IDS and later the steps that have to be achieved in the research area and ends with the some necessary applications like Snort, OSSEC and SGUIL which are very important to achieve the most out of Intrusion detection. Literature review covers almost each and every necessary step that is required in the research area. It is also very relevant to the research area and completely confined to it without any deviations. Intrusion detection and different types of IDS are clearly explained. Host based intrusion detection systems and Network based intrusion detection systems are clearly explained with help of graphical images. The differences between IDS and IPS are mentioned and it also explains why IPS is more powerful. Lastly main application like Snort, Suricata, Bro, OSSEC and SGUIL are completely covered with features. But the interesting finding during literature search is Suricata and Bro. Both are very good for IDS and they are having more advanced features than the Snort. However there is very less research done it that area. So there is a need of qualitative data by taking interviews of some security professionals and lectures. At last, in brief literature covers all the parameters of research question, objectives, methods and outcomes of different IDS and applications which are suitable for IDS are well organized and documented. Research Methods and Methodology: I would like do the research according to Inductive process because I am sure about the topic and I want to know the outcomes of the experiment. As inductive research moves from specific point to general I selected it and start working. In this research I am planning to implement an experiment in small network with some applications. I am using these methodology and methods for the sake of researching, investigating and evaluating the research area. I have got some set of research problems and classifications. According to explanatory research action I have set some aims to achieve. As a next step collected a pool of information required, organized the required out of it, analysed information and evaluated the literature, planning the experiment in all possible ways to detect more threats even in a busy traffic network. Now it is an important time to start my experiment before that I have to do some qualitative research by conducting interviews about Suricata and Bro because I need some assistance on suricata and bro to take a advantage of it. I am not interested on survey because as they are new applications people might know less about it and I thing its waste of doing. Case study and field study are also better to do because they can have depth look at issue or problem. But problem with field study is they may consume more time and they are very expensive. Quantitation method will be used analysing some numerical values, graphs and proportions. Experiment design can be categorized by certain criteria Controlled experiment, Cross-sectional designs, Quasi experimental designs and Pre experimental designs Methodologies discussed in the literature review are from user view so I might vulnerable to attack and have plan well for the implementation of experiment. These vulnerabilities can be fixed face to face interviews with security professionals and can also do by narrowing hypothesis. After the experiment the observations and analysis must be tested with hypothesis of proposed theory. Finally I will use both quantitative and qualitative methods for data collection process. I have planned to continue my experiment with the same Inductive research approach. Objectives Methods Planning and implementation of IDS Literature review, research papers and interviews Detection process Literature review, case study and research papers Network maintenance, proactive administration and security Management Literature review, white papers, blogs, case studies Signature and Protocol tuning Interviews, updates from, on-going researchs and literature reviews Implementing of security management tools Interviews, case studies and some more qualitative approaches Budget: Issues of access and ethics: Potential outcomes: Expected Impact: The experiment impact would be more informative and extremely useful in the field of intrusion detection. Research will clearly show the intrusions events and blocks them even at the busy network traffic time. It may also show some new advantages because of the suricata and bro. In my opinion this research is going to detect and block all the intrusions up to date. Depending upon the qualitative approach some more methods of suricata and bros can be implement to network to get the best out of it. Conclusion: The research at first started with a study of intrusion detection and then after I have drawn some boundaries with that following objectives. During literature collection I found some other interesting tools like Suricata and Bro which are predominately better that Snort. Though they are good but I couldnt find much literature and research area with them. So finally I decided to do an experiment on IDS with a small network consisting of Snort IDS and secondarily I am planning to keep one computer with Suricate IDS and other with Bros IDS and see the difference of these three tools from another angle. If I am successful dissertation can end up like Snort vs Suricata vs Bro or else minimum I can be successful with Snort. Using the research methodology of data collection and critical evaluation the literature work is investigated and evaluated. Lastly the outcomes of the theory are assumed from the research. I have already spoken to Neil regarding my dissertation idea and selected him as my supervisor. Finally I thank Neil Richardson and Louise Webb for providing ne this opportunity.

The Decline of Aristocracy in The Communist Manifesto Essay -- Communi

The Decline of Aristocracy in The Communist Manifesto The decline of aristocracy in The Communist Manifesto began with Karl Marx’s statement, â€Å"The history of all hitherto existing societies is the history of class struggles.†1 Marx recognized the ideals of the social rank, which has influenced every society throughout history. The two social classes described by Marx were the Bourgeoisie, or the upper class, and the Proletariats, or the lower class. Before the Bourgeoisie came to social power, landowners and corporate organizations ran the society. Marx believed that the severe separation of the two classes greatly troubled society and that the two classes must coexist as one with each other.2 The Bourgeoisie were the landowners, employers, and those who received capital in the society. They had other people work under them and controlled labor in order to increase personal capital. â€Å"Marx delineates his vision of history, focusing on the development and eventual destruction of the bourgeoisie, the dominant class of his day.†3 The Bourgeoisie came up with the idea to create a new social class known as the Proletariats, which were the laborers for the production of Bourgeoisie industry. The Proletariat was composed of the lower class of individuals as well as the lower region of the middle class; which eventually fell into the classification of Proletariat. This class is identified by hard individual efforts. The Proletariats lived to work, and the only way that they were hired was if the business owners believed they could increase capital. Marx described the worker as a sort of soldier or a slave for their labor.4 Similar to slaves, the working class was exploited by their superiors, or the Bou... ... 1. Marx, Karl and Frederick Engels, Manifesto of the Communist Party (Dayton: U Dayton P, 1999), 38. 2. Smith, J.N. "ClassicNote on Communist Manifesto." ClassicNotes by Gradesaver. 2000. Gradesaver. 22 March 2001 < http://www.gradesaver.com/ClassicNotes/Titles/communist/ >. 3. Smith, J.N., ClassicNotes by GradeSaver 4. Lukacs, George. History and Class Consiousness (Massachusetts: The MIT Press, 1968), 46. 5. Smith, J.N., ClassicNotes by GradeSaver 6. McIntosh, Ian. Classical Sociological Theory (New York: New York University Press, 1997), 17. 7. Lukacs, George, 46. 8. Smith, J.N., ClassicNotes by GradeSaver 9. Hoselitz, Ben F. "Karl Marx on Secular and Social Development: A Study in the Sociology of Nineteenth Century 10. Marx, Karl and Frederick Engels, Manifesto of the Communist Party

The President’s National Drug Control Strategy

The National Drug Control Strategy was announced by the Bush administration during the first quarter of 2002. It is believed that the strategy was devised because of the perceived loss of â€Å"the national will to fight against substance abuse. † This perception resulted from a dismal situation recently occurring in the country. For instance, the findings of the â€Å"Monitoring the Future Survey† which was conducted by the University of Michigan showed that 26 out of 100 eight grade pupils admitted to trying illegal drugs at one time or another. In addition to this sad reality, it was observed that many drug dependents in the United States do not get the treatment required to help them get rid of their addiction. Faced with such a grim state of affairs, President Bush declared his belief that â€Å"the time has come to re-energize the national movement against illegal drugs †¦[by making up] lost ground in the fight against drugs by applying the lessons of our recent history – emphasizing a balance between supply and demand reduction effort† (U. S. Office of the Press Secretary, 2002). It is clear, therefore, that the President’s intention is not only to reduce the use of illegal drugs in the country by reducing the number of drug dependents, but also to trim down the supply of drugs entering the country. To achieve this twofold objective, the strategy was based on the following principles, namely: â€Å"stopping drug use before it starts; healing America’s drug users; and disrupting the mark et† (U. S. Office of the Press Secretary, 2002). The strategy maintains that in the struggle against illegal substances, every citizen has a vital role to play in â€Å"stopping drug use before it starts. † This could be undertaken through education as well as community-wide efforts. Specifically, the strategy emphasizes that everybody should be an advocate for responsible citizenship. In other words, wherever he or she is, e. g. in the home, in schools, in his or her church, or in the place where he or she works, a standard should be set to reaffirm this value. In this connection, every individual should do everything to convince everybody to reject the idea that the decision to use illegal drugs is an individual freedom. In the home, the parents are expected to instill in the minds of their children that illegal drugs is evil and would destroy them and their future. The educators should also teach the same value in schools while church authorities are counted on to preach the devastating effects of drugs (U. S. Office of the Press Secretary, 2002). To backstop the efforts of schools and the community, the Office of the President granted an additional $10 million to expand the operations of the â€Å"Drug-Free Communities Support Program† of the Office of National Drug Control Policy (ONDCP), aside from creating a â€Å"Parents Drug Corps† with a budget of $5 million (U. S. Office of the Press Secretary, 2002). In addition, increased funding were also provided to other ONDCP projects, namely: $25 million to the drug testing of students for the year 2003 (a whopping increase of $23 million); $145 million to the anti-drug information efforts of the â€Å"National Youth Anti-Drug Media Campaign† for its 2005 expansion which would â€Å"include information for teens and parents to promote early intervention against drug use. † The media campaigns are aimed at changing the beliefs prevailing among American teenagers concerning drugs. Meanwhile, the ONDCP said that the additional $10 million budget for the â€Å"Drug-Free Communities Program† would be able to finance an additional 100 community coalitions who would work for the prevention of drug abuse among young Americans, especially in depressed areas of the country (U. S. Office of National Drug Control Policy, 2004). The strategy also aims to â€Å"heal America’s drug users. † To accomplish this goal, the budget for the â€Å"Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA)† for the year 2003 was set at $2. 35 billion, increasing it to $2. 49 billion for 2004, and $2. 4 billion for the year 2005. Of particular interest is the increase of more than $100 million in the 2005 budget of the SAMHSA—Access to Recovery (ATR) program. According to the ONDCP, this will provide financial assistance to drug dependents who wish to avail of â€Å"clinical treatment or recovery services† on a case-to-case basis (U. S. Office of National Drug Control Policy, 2004). Extending additional assistance to drug dependents would be complemented with the creation of â€Å"a new climate of ‘compassionate coercion’† to get drug abusers to enter the government’s treatment programs. Compassionate coercion would be carried out with the help of the criminal justice system and the circle of family and friends of the drug abusers. According to the President’s strategy, it is now time to â€Å"confront drug use – and therefore drug users – honestly and directly† and every effort should be exerted to urge abusers to â€Å"enter and remain in drug treatment† (U. S. Office of the Press Secretary, 2002). The drug courts program of the Office of Justice Programs was likewise granted an increase of $32 million from its 2004 budget, raising its 2005 funding to $70. million. According to the strategy, this funding increase would improve the chances of success of the drug court programs by widening the scope as well as increasing the quality of the services provided by drug courts. The strategy explained that the drug court programs are serving as alternative solutions to imprisonment which utilizes the â€Å"coercive power of the court to force abstinence and alter [the] behavior† of drug dependents (U. S. Office of National Drug Control Policy, 2004). In other words, under the strategy, the criminal justice system is interested more in treating and rehabilitating drug abusers rather than putting them behind bars. To further enhance the capability of the criminal justice system in the task of treating and rehabilitating drug abusers, the President’s National Drug Control Strategy also increased the budget of the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) from $960. 9 million in 2003 to $990. 8 million for 2004 and more than $1 billion for the year 2005. NIDA is the agency which is tasked with conducting research activities concerning the problem, specifically â€Å"on the nature of addiction, development of science-based behavior interventions, medications development, and the rapid translation of research findings into practice. † This initiative clearly spells out one of the most important roles of law enforcement in the drug policy of the president: that of treating and rehabilitating drug dependents (U. S. Office of National Drug Control Policy, 2004). Another, equally important role being played by law enforcement in the drug strategy of the president is that of â€Å"disrupting the market and attacking the economic basis of the drug trade,† thereby reducing, if not entirely eliminating, the supply of illegal substance available in or entering the country. For this purpose, at least six government agencies were enlisted, namely: the â€Å"Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA); the Organized Crime Drug Enforcement Task Forces (OCDETF); the Immigration and Customs Enforcement; and the Department of State† (U. S. Office of National Drug Control Policy, 2004). â€Å"Disrupting the market† means that law enforcement agencies have both domestic and international missions. In the domestic scene, they are tasked not only with arresting drug suppliers and rounding up drug abusers, but also with intensifying the security of our borders to make the entry of drugs more difficult. In the international level, law enforcers are directed to seek out and destroy the supply of drugs in the countries of origin like Colombia, Venezuela, Bolivia, and other countries (U. S. Office of the Press Secretary, 2002). The strategy considers reducing or eliminating the supply to be of paramount importance because less supply would mean that the substance would become more expensive and thus less available to Americans. For this reason, law enforcement agencies has been focusing not only on the â€Å"agricultural sources† of these illegal substances but also on their organizational set-ups, the transportation systems of suppliers and distributors, their â€Å"financing mechanisms† and their processing methods. Adequate knowledge of these things would enable American law enforcement agencies to destroy the drugs at source and easily intercept those that producers are able to ship out of their bases of operations (U. S. Office of National Drug Control Policy, 2004). The President’s National Drug Control Strategy should be regarded with respect not only because of its awareness of the importance of treating and rehabilitating drug abusers but also because it has correctly pointed out that the complete elimination of the sources of illegal substances is one of the keys to the elimination of the drug problem in the country. The effectiveness of the strategy could be measured in terms of the reduction in the number of drug users and dependents in the country and the reduction or elimination of the supply of illegal substances in the market. Reducing the number of users without eliminating the supply of illegal substances would never be effective since new users and abusers would always crop up.