Marketing and the Tobacco Industry free essay sample

A paper which examines how the tobacco industry markets its products. Approximately every day the tobacco industry loses around 7,000 customers in the U.S. alone. This paper examines ways in which the tobacco industry markets its products in order to retrieve some of these lost customers, with emphasis on promoting cigarettes to the younger generation. Issues explored include cartoon characters, free cigarette giveaways, sponsored public events and walking billboards. The paper also discusses the results of these attempts on product marketing. The most shocking example is the RJR Nabiscos Joe Camel campaign that aimed to hit its young targets. (Ad weeks Marketing Week, 1991) Joe Camel has greatly influenced not only the teenagers between the ages of 14- 18 years but even the very young. For instance of the study showed that almost one-third of three-year-olds matched Joe Camel with cigarettes and by the age of six, children were as familiar with him as with the Mickey Mouse (Brand Logo Recognition by Children Aged Three to Six Years, 1991). We will write a custom essay sample on Marketing and the Tobacco Industry or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page

Medicine in Ancient Egypt Essays

Medicine in Ancient Egypt Essays Medicine in Ancient Egypt Paper Medicine in Ancient Egypt Paper Essay Topic: Burial Rites Love Medicine People sometimes say that the ancient Egyptian civilization endured without much change for more than three thousand years. This is only partially true because, in fact, Egyptian ways of life, philosophy, religion, language, and art changed considerably over time. However, the ancient Egyptian culture retained its identity and general character to a remarkable degree over the course of its history: a situation due in part to Egypt’s favorable and secure location. Essentially a river oasis, the country was bordered by deserts to the west and east, by the Mediterranean Sea to the north, and by the first cataract of the Nile at Aswan in the south. Situated in the northeastern corner of Africa, Egypt was a center for trade routes to and from western Asia, the Mediterranean, and central Africa. Ancient Egyptian medicine is the medicine that was commonly practiced in Ancient Egypt from circa 3300BC until Persian invasion of 525 BC. The medicine was highly advanced for the time and included surgery, setting of bones and extensive set of Pharmacopoeia. Remedies were sometimes characterized by magical incantations and dubious ingredients, often had a rational basis. Medical texts specified specific steps of examination, diagnosis, prognosis and treatments that were rational and appropriate. The practices of Egyptian physicians ranged from embalming, to faith healing to surgery, and autopsy. There was no separation of Physician, Priest and Magician in Egypt. Healing was an art that was addressed on many levels during ancient Egyptian period Modern medicine owes much to the Ancient Egyptians. Historians divide the history of Ancient Egypt ancient Egypt into: Prehistory (up to ca. 3100 B. C. ), the Archaic Period (ca. 3100- 2650 B. C. ) the Old Kingdom (ca. 2650-2150 B. C. ), the Middle Kingdom (ca. 2040-1640 B. C. ), the New Kingdom (ca. 1550-1070 B. C. ), the Late Period (ca. 712-332 B. C. ), and the Ptolemaic (Hellenistic) and Roman Periods (332 B. C. -A. D. 395). The main sources of information about ancient Egyptian medicine were writings from antiquity until 19th century as in Odyssey (800B. C), observations recorded by Greek historian Herodotus (440BC), writings of Pliny the Elder. The father of modern medicine Hippocrates (ca 460BC-370BC), Herophilos (ca335-280 BC) Erasistratus (ca 310 BC-250BC, who founded a school of anatomy) and Galen studied at the temple of Amenhotep and acknoledged the contribution of ancient Egyptian medicine to Greek medicine. Much of what we now know of Egyptian medicine and the work of the physicians come from a variety of medical documents written by physician-priests. These documents, known as papyrus are the first known records of medical practice. The various papyrus documents that have been recovered and translated show us that the Egyptians had developed an understanding of medicine. The evidence provided by these early medical training manuals is quite remarkable. They show quite clearly that the Egyptians had identified and developed cures for a wide range of diseases, many of which cures are still in use today. Such was the extent of Egyptian knowledge that there are records of over 800 medical procedures and remedies making use of over 600 drugs and a vast array of surgical tools. A few papyri have survived, from which we can learn about Egyptian medicine: The Edwin Smith Papyrus describing surgical diagnosis and treatments: opens with eight texts concerning head wounds, followed by nineteen treatments of wounds to the face, six descriptions of how to deal with injuries to throat and neck, five dealing with collar-bones and Ancient Egypt arms, and seven with chest complaints. Some important notions concerning the nervous system originated with the Egyptians, a word for brain is used here for the first time in any written language: â€Å"the membrane enveloping his brain, so that it breaks open his fluid in the interior of his head† (The Edwin Smith papyrus, case6). Acting conservatively, they knew how to treat injuries to the brain without killing the patient, but on the whole their understanding of the brain and its functions was superficial: they considered thinking to be a function of the heart. Their dissection of bodies during mummification seems not to have added greatly to their knowledge of the inner workings of the human body, possibly because mummifiers and physicians did not move in the same circles. The Ebers Papyrus on ophthalmology, diseases of the digestive system, the head, the skin and specific maladies like aAa, which some think may have been a precursor of AIDS and others consider to have been a disease of the urinary tract. Kahun Gynecological Papyrus, the Berlin Medical papyrus, the London Medical Papyrus, the Hearst medical papyrus and the Demotic magical Papyrus of London and Leiden: contains a number of spells for treating physical ailments, also give extensive information about the medicine during ancient Egypt. The cause of diseases, Anatomy, Physiology and practices The human body was believed to be born in a healthy state, and could not fall ill or die except through the influence of a foreign agent. In case of wounds or intestinal worms, that agent was visible and the treatment prescribed was hence rational. As they were not aware of microbiology, internal diseases were thought to be due to an occult force attributed to evil gods, a divine punishment or magical procedures. The physician was obliged to neutralize this evil Ancient Egypt before turning into actual treatment. The use of Autopsy came through the extensive embalming practices of the Egyptians, as it was not unlikely for an embalmer to examine the body for a cause of the illness which killed it. The use of surgery also evolved from a knowledge of the basic anatomy and embalming practices of the Egyptians. From such careful observations made by the early medical practitioners of Egypt, healing practices began to center upon both the religious rituals and the lives of the ancient Egyptians. The prescription for a healthy life, which was always given by a member of the priestly caste, meant that an individual undertook the stringent and regular purification rituals, and maintained their dietary restrictions against raw fish and other animals considered unclean to eat. In addition to a purified lifestyle, it was not uncommon for the Egyptians to undergo dream analysis to find a cure or cause for illness, as well as to ask for a priest to aid them with magic, this example obviously portrays that religious magical rites and purificatory rites were intertwined in the healing process as well as in creating a proper lifestyle. The practice of medicine was fairly advanced in Ancient Egypt, with Egyptian physicians having a wide and excellent reputation. Sovereigns from foreign lands have frequently appealed to pharaohs to send them their physicians. A wall painting in a Thebean grave of the 18th dynasty (1400 BC) depicts â€Å"Nebamun†, scribe and physician of the king, receiving a Syrian prince paying him for his services in gifts. According to Herodotus, King Cyrus of Persia has requested Amasis (Ahmose II of the 26th dynasty, 560 BC) to send him the most skilful of all the Egyptian eye-doctors. Egyptian physicians recognized the heart as the source of blood vessels. They were aware that the blood vessels were hollow, having a mouth which opens to absorb medications, Ancient Egypt eliminate waste elements, distribute air and body secretions and excretions, in confusion between blood vessels and other passages, as ureters. The physiology of blood circulation was demonstrated in the Edwin Smith Papyrus, together with its relation to the heart, as well as awareness of the importance of the pulse. They also knew that blood supply runs from the heart to all organs of the body. â€Å"There are vessels in him for every part of the body†. â€Å"It speaks forth in the vessels of every body part† (Edwin Smith Papyrus) However, their inability to distinguish between blood vessels, nerves, tendons and channels has limited their full understanding of the physiology of circulation. The diseases: The common cold plagued the ancient Egyptians as it still does us today, and their remedy, the milk of a mother who has given birth to a boy, was probably as effective as anything we have got today. Insect, especially scorpion bites or snake bites, both very frequent in Egypt, were treated by magicians, as there appears to have been no specific balm or ointment used, and as we have records of many spells, written on papyri and magical charms devoted to these two occurrences. Bilharziasis (schistosomiasis) a common disease in a country flooded for months every year a common cause of anemia, female infertility, a debilitating loss of resistance to other diseases and subsequent death. The Ebers Papyrus addresses some of the symptoms of the disease and in two columns discusses treatment and prevention of bleeding in the urinal tract (haematuria). The Hearst Papyrus cites antimony disulfide as a remedy. Insect borne diseases like malaria and trachoma were endemic; plagues spread along the trade routes and a number of yadet renpet epidemics reported in Egyptian documents are thought by some to Ancient Egypt have been outbreaks of bubonic plague. Smallpox, measles, and cholera were easily propagated in the relatively densely populated Nile valley, where practically the whole population lived within a narrow strip of land. Silicosis of the lungs, the result of breathing in airborne sand particles, was a frequent cause of death, as was pneumonia. The various kinds of malignant tumors were almost as frequent then as they are nowadays in comparable age and gender groups. Eye infections are a common complaint in Africa. In ancient Egypt they were at least in part prevented by the application of bactericidal eye paint. The ingredients of some of the remedies may not have been as difficult to come by in a civilization where the brain was removed in little bits from the skull during mummification as it would be in a modern western country. ‘Prescription for the eye, to be used for all diseases which occur in this organ: Human brain, divide into its two halves, mix one half with honey, smear on the eye in the evening, dry the other half, mash, sift, smear on the eye in the morning’(Ebers Papyrus). Open wounds were often treated with honey. But sometimes lockjaw set in. When a tetanus infection was recognized, physicians knew they were powerless against this affliction. Dietary Deficiencies: A restricted diet caused or aggravated a number of ailments; some with fatal outcome . There were times when malnutrition was widespread. Growth of the population was therefore often stunted. Because of vitamin and other deficiencies, dental abrasion, and bad mouth hygiene, caries and abscesses were the lot of many. Herbal medicines: Herbs played a major part in Egyptian medicine. The plant medicines mentioned in the Ebers papyrus include opium, cannabis, myrrh, frankincense, fennel, cassia, Ancient Egypt senna, thyme, henna, juniper, aloe, linseed and castor oil. Cloves of garlic have been found in Egyptian burial sites. Egyptians thought garlic and onions aided endurance, and consumed large quantities of them. Raw garlic was routinely given to asthmatics and to those suffering with bronchial-pulmonary complaints. Coriander (C. Sativum) was considered to have cooling, stimulant, carminative and digestive properties. Cumin (Cumin cyminum) is an umbelliferous herb indigenous to Egypt. The seeds were considered to be a stimulant and effective against flatulence. Cumin powder mixed with some wheat flour as a binder and a little water was applied to relieve the pain of any aching or arthritic joints. Tape worms, the snakes in the belly, were dealt with by an infusion of pomegranate root in water, which was strained and drunk. Ulcers were treated with yeast, as were stomach ailments. Some of the medicines were made from plant materials imported from abroad. Mandrake, introduced from Canaan and grown locally since the New Kingdom, was thought to be an aphrodisiac and, mixed with alcohol, induced unconsciousness. Oil of fir, an antiseptic, originated in the Levant. The Persian henna was grown in Egypt since the Middle Kingdom, and if identical with henu mentioned in the Ebers Papyrus was used against hair loss. They treated catarrh with aloe which came from eastern Africa. Frankincense, containing tetrahydrocannabinol and used like hashish as pain killer, was imported from Punt. Animal products and minerals were used too. Honey and grease formed part of many wound treatments, mothers milk was occasionally given against viral diseases like the common cold, fresh meat laid on open wounds and sprains, and animal dung was thought to be effective at times. Malachite used as an eye-liner also had therapeutic value. In a country where eye Ancient Egypt infections were endemic, the effects of its germicidal qualities were appreciated even if the reasons for its effectiveness were not understood. Pregnancy and childbirth: Fertility was important to the Egyptians and the Kahun Gynecological Papyrus includes a number of tests for it. At the same time there seems to have existed the need for planning pregnancies. Silphium grown in Cyrene was famous for many medical qualities, including its contraceptive properties. They also devised the first known pregnancy test: Means for knowing if a woman will give birth or will not give birth: (Put) some barley and some wheat (into two bags of cloth) which the woman will moisten with her urine every day, equally barley and grain in the two bags. If both the barley and the wheat sprout she will give birth. If (only) the barley germinates it will be a boy, if it is the wheat which alone germinates it will be a girl. If neither germinates she will not give birth (Berlin papyrus 3. 038) The Ebers papyrus mentions two remedies which cause all to come out which is in the stomach of a woman, possibly referring to inducing a miscarriage. Birth itself was dangerous both to the mother and the baby. Infant mortality was high, probably around 30 percent, and complications and child bed fever killed many women. Surgery: At Saqqara there is the tomb of Ankh-Mahor, known as The Tomb of the Physician. In one of the wall pictures two men are having their extremities treated variously explained as manicure, massage or surgery. Another picture shows the performance of a circumcision of adolescents (the only instance of a depiction of this procedure) with the hieroglyphs saying The ointment is used to make it acceptable, which has been interpreted as meaning that a local Ancient Egypt anesthetic was being used, though this reading is, as happens often in such inscriptions, doubtful. Poppies are occasionally mentioned in Egyptian medical literature and the physicians had a pretty good idea of their properties. Boys destined for priesthood were circumcised as part of the initial ritual cleansing, which also included the shaving of the whole body. The practice of circumcision became more universal during the Late Period, perhaps as part of a rite of passage. Prostheses and cosmetics: Prostheses were generally of a cosmetic character, such as an artificial toe made of cartonnage at the British Museum, or added as a preparation for afterlife such as a forearm on a mummy in Arlington Museum (England) and an artificial penis and feet on another mummy in the Manchester Museum . Wooden big toe prosthesis has also been found in a fifty to sixty year old woman, after her big toe had been amputated, possibly because of gangrene. A glass eye with a white eyeball and a black pupil, but lacking an iris, was probably inserted into the empty eye socket of a mummy rather than used by a living person. Physicians performed other cosmetic tasks as well. Apart from prescribing lotions, salves and unguents for skin care, they also produced remedies against the loss of hair and graying, which was combated by an ointment made with blood from the horn of a black bull. Hair loss was hoped to be stopped by a mixture of honey and fats from crocodiles, lions, hippos, cats, snakes, and ibex. Dentistry: As their diet included much abrasive material (sand and small stone particles from grinding the corn) the teeth of the ancient Egyptians were generally in a very poor state. Caries and the destruction of the enamel caused the loss of teeth at an early age and often killed as well. Caries were sometimes treated by fillings made of resin and chrysocolla, a greenish mineral containing copper. Swollen gums were treated with a concoction of cumin, incense and Ancient Egypt onion. Opium might be given against severe pain. At times holes were drilled into the jawbone in order to drain abscesses. But extraction of teeth, which might have saved the lives of many a patient, was rarely if ever practiced. The profession of dental physician seems to have existed since the early third millennium: Hesi-re is the first known Doctor of the Tooth. Physicians: The ancient Egyptian word for doctor is swnw. Hesi-re was the earliest recorded physician and the lady Peseshet (2400BC) may be the first recorded female doctor. Most famous of the Egyptian physicians is Imhotep, who is also renowned for his role as a Pyramid designer. Imhotep used a variety of methods to heal patients but based much of their practice upon religious belief. It was common for different priests to act as physicians for different parts of the body, in much the same way that doctors specialize now, as they believed that different gods governed different sectors of the human body. Medical institutions were known to have established in ancient Egypt since as early as the 1st dynasty (3100- 2600BC) and by 19th dynasty (1550-1070 BC) their employees enjoyed benefits like medical insurance, pensions and sick leave and they worked 8hours a day. Magic and religion: Magic and religion were part of everyday life in ancient Egypt and Gods and demons were thought to be responsible for many illness. So often the treatments involved a supernatural element: the first attempt was an appeal to a deity. Priests and magicians were called on to treat the disease instead or in addition to a physician. Physicians often used incantations and magical ingredients as a part of the treatment and many medicines apparently lacked active ingredients. The wider spread use belief in magic and religion may have contributed to a powerful placebo effect. The impact of the magic is seen in the selection of remedies or ingredients for them. Depiction of a medical kit: 1) knives, 2) drill, 3) saw, 4) forceps or pincers, 5) censer, 6) hooks, 70 bags tied with string,(8, 10) beaked vessel, 11) vase with burning incense, 12) Horus eyes, 13) scales, 14) pot with flowers of Upper and Lowed Egypt, 15) pot on pedestal, 16) graduated cubit or papyrus scroll with out side knot ( or a case holding reed scalpels), 17) shears, 18) spoons. Conclusion: The people of Ancient Egypt made several major medical discoveries and began treating diseases in a physical manner alongside older spiritual cures. Though much of the advancement in medical knowledge and practice was a side effect of religious ceremonies the effect on public health and knowledge of the human body was tremendous. Fuelled by a desire to enter the afterlife Egyptian knowledge of the workings of the body encompassed new areas of medicine ranging from a basic understanding of anatomy to the introduction of some surgical skills. Ancient Egypt References: 1. Allen, Thomas George ;1936, Egyptian Stelae, Field Museum of Natural History: Anthropological Series; Vol. XXIV, No. 1, Chicago 2. Breasted, J. H. (1906) Ancient Records of Egypt 3. Breasted, J. H. (1930) The Edwin Smith Surgical Papyrus (University of Chicago Press: University of Chicago,) 4. Brian Brown (ed. ) (1923); The Wisdom of the Egyptians. New York: Brentanos 5. Buikstra, J. E. ; Baker, B. J. ; Cook, D. C. (1993) What Disease Plagues the Ancient Egyptians? A Century of Controversy Considered, In Biological Anthropology and the Study of Ancient Egypt (eds. ) W,V. Davies and R. Walter (British Museum Press: London,) 6. Hurry, Jamieson, B. (1926) ; Imhotep, Oxford University Press 7. Nunn, J. F. (1996) Ancient Egyptian Medicine (University of Oklahoma Press: Norman,) 8. Sandison, A. T. ( 1980) Diseases in Ancient Egypt, in Mummies, Disease, and Ancient Cultures (eds. ) Aiden and Eve Cockburn (Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, 9. Sameh M. Arab, MDMEDICINE IN ANCIENT EGYPT 10. Scarre, Christopher; Fagan, M. Brian; 1997, Ancient Civilizations, Longman 11. mic. ki. se/Egypt. html 12. http://nefertiti. iwebland. com/timelines/topics/medicine. htm

Article Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 6

Review - Article Example The main purpose of this article is, therefore, to provide information regarding integrity and reliability measures within healthcare institutions. It further looks at how they apply in a clinical setup. It will further outline the approaches used to collect relevant integrity and reliability data. Based on the Scientific Merit Rating Scale, this study has a rating of four. This rating is attributed to a single subject design that has more than three participants. Four people are part of the study research. The type of measurement is continuous with no calibration data of any kind; it has a reliability of over 80%. Several evaluators who were part of the research by using psychometrically sufficient instruments further confirmed the diagnosis. To collect the data, direct behavioral observation to show the reaction of various patients based on the types of treatments that they received was conducted. The responses showed that the patients could easily maintain their composure and record their conditions before commencing treatment; however, after the treatment their conditions changed, and they were no longer in a position to maintain their composure. The rate of this response was over 90%. The criterion for the various tasks was outlined using several specific details. The study showed an average procedural integrity score of 75%. This was determined using a checklist of various sessions. An SMRS rating of three can be given to the author if this article sessions. The three participants in this study had various conditions, and the nurses gave them distinct treatments to establish their independent reactions. Each change in the treatment process resulted in a different reaction in each patient. There were some common factors among the patients; all of them were ill and had the ability to fill in their reports at the beginning of the exercise. This study can be termed as being generalized.

Advertisement in the Far East Economic Review magazine in 1972 Essay

Advertisement in the Far East Economic Review magazine in 1972 - Essay Example This "Advertisement in the â€Å"Far East Economic Review† magazine in 1972" outlines and analyzed the ad which was published in this particular media, its style and strategies. This advertisement uses sexual appeal to attract potential customers to use the airline. The advertisement poem is based entirely on sexuality to attract customers to choose MSA for there are beautiful airhostesses waiting to serve them early in the morning. Not just that, the picture that accompanies the text, shows a very pleasant looking woman standing amidst the passengers who are all men. This too is hinting at some sort of sexual discrimination that the airline seeks to exploit in order to get new customers (Goffman, 1979). Besides the critical sexist outlook of the advertisement, the poetry used in the advertisement is pretty catchy. Small verses are always helpful since the readers get them on their tongues quicker and they can relate to what they read when they are looking for a reliable service or product. The ad by MSA uses short verses, catchy words and sexual attraction to persuade customers to the airline. Although the ad is about attracting all kinds of customers to MSA, the picture depicts a slightly different story. It shows customers who are well suited indicating that MSA would be a great service for professional elites. By doing so, it would attract customers who are at the wealthier side and can afford more airline visits. This is indeed a clever strategy by the airline. That is again a very important aspect in the advertisement.

American History to 1877 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

American History to 1877 - Assignment Example l Army in the Battle of Brooklyn, the British Government requested to meet the Congress representatives to negotiate for a bloodless resolution to the armed hostilities. This opened the possibility of a peaceful compromise. The colonials were willing enough to send a delegation, which included Benjamin Franklin and John Adams, and talk the matter out with the British imperial army led by Admiral, Lord Richard Howe (The History Place, n.d.). For five years negotiations were ongoing even as the war continued, but the opportunity dissolved when the colonials refused to renounce the Declaration of Independence. The unyielding attitude of both parties finally resulted to the termination of a possible compromise upon American victory in 1781 (Lanning, 2008, p. 246). (2) Union policy over slavery changed throughout the course of the war because of internal rifts between the Northern and Southern states, which were in a tight competition for political power. First, the Southern states wanted slaves to be counted in the census so as to have more representatives in Congress than the North, but this was vetoed by the North. The result was a compromise that each slave was only worth three-fifths of a white Southerner. Second, the South wanted to expand slavery into the newly acquired territories from the Mexican War but Northern states were strongly against this move. Finally, Northern states were angered by the Supreme Court decision to free a slave named Dred Scott, who was brought to a free state by his owner (Oracle ThinkQuest, n.d). These rifts sowed the seeds of the civil war. Abrahalm Lincoln, whose own inconsistent decisions on the slavery issue contributed to the changing policies of the Union, depended on the progression of these rifts befo re he finally conceded to how slavery contradicted the constitutional mandate that â€Å"all men are born equal† and declared war (Taylor, 2008; Public Broadcasting Service, n.d.). (3) America made a lot of transformations from

History Of Intruder Knowledge Versus Attack Sophistication Information Technology Essay

History Of Intruder Knowledge Versus Attack Sophistication Information Technology Essay Intrusion detection is a necessary security infrastructure for any organization. Its a process of noticing or monitoring the events like imminent threats or unexpected new attacks, standard security practices, acceptable policies and existing attacks that occur in a network or computer. Detecting process is mainly based on signs of incidents. The process which attempts to block these detected incidents is known as intrusion prevention. Both the Intrusion Detection System (IDS) and Intrusion Prevention System (IPS) are principally focused on log information, identifying incidents, blocking incidents, reporting incidents to administrator. The regular problems when handling IDS is analysis of system generated events, because in a busy network there will be so many events to analyse with help of some monitoring tools and devices but its very hard manage due to unwanted outcomes, undetected threats and unmanageable threats. These threats can cause a serious damage to the network or organi zation. Research Question and Objectives: Every organisation recurrently face problem because of threats. As an Information Systems Security student I would like to do some research in Intrusion detection system. My main aim is to do an experiment on the Network Intrusion Detection System (NIDS) with help of Snort to detect network based attacks. Presently how the security infrastructure of the organizations is facing problems with imminent threats and malicious attacks? How it can be reduced by intrusion detection system? In what way the tools and techniques can be used to experiment the network based attacks? The research objectives are planning and implementing IDS, Monitoring for critical security threats and detecting them network wide, detecting malicious users on the network, proactive administration, regular network maintenance, 24/7 security event management, Signature and protocol tuning, alerting and preventing the detected threats. Hopefully all these objectives can be achieved by implement a network security with Snort. Snort is a flexible, small, light-weight and cross platform tool which is very suitable for NIDS. While working on this research network may also need some other computer running with tools like Suricata and Bro which are also familiar for NIDS and Experiment will also examine the integration of OSSEC with the analyst console Sguil. Literature Review: The Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) are vital modules of defensive methods to protect a network or computer system from abuse. Network intrusion detection system examines all inbound and outbound network activities and notices the attack in network or computer. IDS are a passive monitoring system it alerts when distrustful activity takes place. It inspects the network traffic and data. It identifies the probes, exploits, attacks and vulnerabilities. It responds to the malicious events in several ways like displaying alerts, events log or paging an administrator. It can reconfigure the network and reduce the effect of the malicious activities like worms and virus. It precisely looks at intrusion signatures or hacker signatures so that it can distinguish worms or viruses from general system activities. Intrusion detections are categorized as misuse detection, anomaly detection, passive and reactive system, network based system and host based system. This picture shows history of Intruder Knowledge versus Attack sophistication Source: http://www.cert.org/archive/pdf/IEEE_IDS.pdf Misuse detection: In misuse detection IDS investigates the gathered information and compares it to huge databases of attack signature. Primarily IDS look for particular attack which was already documented. It is very similar to anti-virus because the detection software has good collection of intrusion signature database and it compares packets against the database. Anomaly detection: In anomaly the administrator provides the baseline, network traffic load state, typical packet size, breakdown and protocol. Anomaly detector compares the inspected network segment to normal baseline and examines the anomalies. Passive and Reactive systems: In passive systems IDS perceive a potential security breach, signal alerts and information of logs. Coming to reactive system IDS reacts to the distrustful and malicious activities either by shutting down the user or by reprogramming the firewall to stop or block network traffic from a malicious source. Network based IDS: IDS are network or host based solutions. Network based intrusion detection systems (NIDS) is an independent platform which categorizes network traffic and examines multiple hosts. They are hardware appliances hence they consists of network intrusion detection capabilities. It does consist of hardware sensors which are located along the network or demilitarized zone. NIDS gains access over network traffic by connecting to network hubs and switches and they are configured got network tap or port mapping. The sensor software will examine all the data packets which are going in and out of the network. NIDS are comparatively cheaper solutions that HIDS. It also need less training and administration but it is not as flexible as HIDS. NIDS system must have a good bandwidth Internet access and regular updates of latest worms and virus signatures. Best example is Snort Host based IDS: Host based intrusion detection systems (HIDS) are not suitable for real time detection. It has to be configured properly to use in real time. It has software agents which are installed on individual host computers within the system. It analyse the packets going in and out from that specific computer where the intrusion detection software is installed. It also examines the application logs, system calls and file system changes. HIDS can provide some addition features which not there in NIDS. For instance HIDS are capable to inspect activities which are only able to implement by administrator. It detects the modifications in the key system files and can also examine the attempts to overwrite key files. Trojans and backdoors installation can be detected and stopped; these particular intrusions are not generally seen in NIDS. HIDS systems must have internet access and also frequent updates of worms and virus signatures. Certain application based IDS are also a portion of HIDS. Best examp le is OSSEC. IDS Protection Source: http://www.cert.org/archive/pdf/IEEE_IDS.pdf Intrusion detection system (IDS) vs. Intrusion prevention system (IPS): Most of them believe like IDS IPS works similar and IPS is future way of IDS. But it is like comparing an apple and banana. These two solutions are very different from each other. IDS is passive it monitors and detects but IPS is active prevention system. The IDS drawbacks can be overcome by implementation, management and proper training. IDS is a cheaper implementation that IPS. However, by looking at IPS benefits most of them believe that IPS is following generation of IDS. The main point to remember is that no single security device can prevent all attacks at all the time. IDS and IPS works satisfactory when they are integrated with some addition and current security solutions. The combination of firewall and IDS gives protection to system so IPS is usually considered as next generation IDS. Presently IPS also has both types of HIPS and NIPS as like IDS. IPS can some more actions like dropping the malicious data packets, sending an alarm, reorganizing the connection and/or stoppi ng the traffic from the malicious IP address, correcting CRC errors and few more like cleaning up unwanted network and transport layer options. Snort: Snort is free and open source software which is used for network intrusion detection (NIDS) and network intrusion prevention system (NIPS). Martin Roesch was the creator of snort in 1998 but now it is maintained by a network security software and hardware company known as Sourcefire. Roesch is the founder and Chief technical officer of Sourcefire. The latest version is 2.9.0.5 and it was released on 6th April 2011. It is written in C language and cross-platform so that can run on any operating system. It is also a licensed by GNU general public license. Over a decade Snort has been recognized as the best prominent software in the security Industry. Snort is a great piece of software used for NIDS. It has ability to perform real time traffic analysis, protocol analysis, content matching, Internet Protocol networks packet log and content search. It can even examine probes or attacks, buffer overflows, OS fingerprinting, common gateway interface, stealth port scans and server message block probes. Snort mainly configured in three modes network intrusion detection, sniffer and packet logger. In NIDS mode it can examine network traffic and inspect it against ruleset provided by the user. As a sniffer it read all network data packets and displays them on the user console. As a packet logger it writes all log packets to the harddisk. Some 3rd party tools like Snorby, RazorBack and Base interface with snort for administration, log analysis and reporting. Snort provides dramatic power, speed and performance. It is light weight and protects against latest dynamic threats by rules based detection engine. Its source code and ruleset are regularly revised and tested by worldwide security professionals. It is most popular for IDS and IPS solutions with more than 205,000 registered users. There are minimum 25 companies that are incorporate with Snort for network security assistance. Snort vs. Suricata vs. Bro Source:http://blog.securitymonks.com/2010/08/26/three-little-idsips-engines-build-their-open-source-solutions/ Suricata and Bro: Suricata is also an open sources which is used for IDS and/or IPS. Open Information Security Foundation (OISF) has developed it. First standard release was in July 2010. It was written in C language and can run in Linux, Mac and Windows operating systems. It was licensed by GNU general public license. Suricata is a new tool when compared with other Opensource IDS and very best in all as shown in the above figure. As its new software there are no much research papers and journals. Bro is open source and UNIX based, it is used for NIDS. It was written by Vern Paxson and licensed by BSD. It runs on any Linux based operating system. These two tools are very good very there is no much research and literature on them. But these two are quite good when compared to Snort. OSSEC and SGUIL: OSSEC is an open source HIDS. It does log analysis, rootkit detection, windows registry monitoring, active response and integrity checking. It offers IDS for all Linux, Mac and Windows Operating systems because it has centralized cross platform. It was written by Daniel B in 2004. SGUIL is a pool of free software modules for Network Security Monitoring and IDS alerts. It was written in Tcl/Tk and run on any OS which supports Tcl/Tk. It integrates with Snort and generates alert data and session data from SANCP. Full content can be retrieved my running Snort in packet logger mode. Sguil is an application of Network Security Monitoring (NSM) Critical evaluation: The gathered information from different sources gives a brief idea of research. Literature covers all the aims and objectives of the research which was drawn and supported from the pool of journals, research papers, white papers, blogs and wikis. Introduction gives the over idea of the research going to takes place. Research question focuses on the field of interest and research area. Objectives mentions the clear tasks what are going to be achieved and its designed as a step by step procedure like starting with planning and implementation of IDS and later the steps that have to be achieved in the research area and ends with the some necessary applications like Snort, OSSEC and SGUIL which are very important to achieve the most out of Intrusion detection. Literature review covers almost each and every necessary step that is required in the research area. It is also very relevant to the research area and completely confined to it without any deviations. Intrusion detection and different types of IDS are clearly explained. Host based intrusion detection systems and Network based intrusion detection systems are clearly explained with help of graphical images. The differences between IDS and IPS are mentioned and it also explains why IPS is more powerful. Lastly main application like Snort, Suricata, Bro, OSSEC and SGUIL are completely covered with features. But the interesting finding during literature search is Suricata and Bro. Both are very good for IDS and they are having more advanced features than the Snort. However there is very less research done it that area. So there is a need of qualitative data by taking interviews of some security professionals and lectures. At last, in brief literature covers all the parameters of research question, objectives, methods and outcomes of different IDS and applications which are suitable for IDS are well organized and documented. Research Methods and Methodology: I would like do the research according to Inductive process because I am sure about the topic and I want to know the outcomes of the experiment. As inductive research moves from specific point to general I selected it and start working. In this research I am planning to implement an experiment in small network with some applications. I am using these methodology and methods for the sake of researching, investigating and evaluating the research area. I have got some set of research problems and classifications. According to explanatory research action I have set some aims to achieve. As a next step collected a pool of information required, organized the required out of it, analysed information and evaluated the literature, planning the experiment in all possible ways to detect more threats even in a busy traffic network. Now it is an important time to start my experiment before that I have to do some qualitative research by conducting interviews about Suricata and Bro because I need some assistance on suricata and bro to take a advantage of it. I am not interested on survey because as they are new applications people might know less about it and I thing its waste of doing. Case study and field study are also better to do because they can have depth look at issue or problem. But problem with field study is they may consume more time and they are very expensive. Quantitation method will be used analysing some numerical values, graphs and proportions. Experiment design can be categorized by certain criteria Controlled experiment, Cross-sectional designs, Quasi experimental designs and Pre experimental designs Methodologies discussed in the literature review are from user view so I might vulnerable to attack and have plan well for the implementation of experiment. These vulnerabilities can be fixed face to face interviews with security professionals and can also do by narrowing hypothesis. After the experiment the observations and analysis must be tested with hypothesis of proposed theory. Finally I will use both quantitative and qualitative methods for data collection process. I have planned to continue my experiment with the same Inductive research approach. Objectives Methods Planning and implementation of IDS Literature review, research papers and interviews Detection process Literature review, case study and research papers Network maintenance, proactive administration and security Management Literature review, white papers, blogs, case studies Signature and Protocol tuning Interviews, updates from, on-going researchs and literature reviews Implementing of security management tools Interviews, case studies and some more qualitative approaches Budget: Issues of access and ethics: Potential outcomes: Expected Impact: The experiment impact would be more informative and extremely useful in the field of intrusion detection. Research will clearly show the intrusions events and blocks them even at the busy network traffic time. It may also show some new advantages because of the suricata and bro. In my opinion this research is going to detect and block all the intrusions up to date. Depending upon the qualitative approach some more methods of suricata and bros can be implement to network to get the best out of it. Conclusion: The research at first started with a study of intrusion detection and then after I have drawn some boundaries with that following objectives. During literature collection I found some other interesting tools like Suricata and Bro which are predominately better that Snort. Though they are good but I couldnt find much literature and research area with them. So finally I decided to do an experiment on IDS with a small network consisting of Snort IDS and secondarily I am planning to keep one computer with Suricate IDS and other with Bros IDS and see the difference of these three tools from another angle. If I am successful dissertation can end up like Snort vs Suricata vs Bro or else minimum I can be successful with Snort. Using the research methodology of data collection and critical evaluation the literature work is investigated and evaluated. Lastly the outcomes of the theory are assumed from the research. I have already spoken to Neil regarding my dissertation idea and selected him as my supervisor. Finally I thank Neil Richardson and Louise Webb for providing ne this opportunity.

The Decline of Aristocracy in The Communist Manifesto Essay -- Communi

The Decline of Aristocracy in The Communist Manifesto The decline of aristocracy in The Communist Manifesto began with Karl Marx’s statement, â€Å"The history of all hitherto existing societies is the history of class struggles.†1 Marx recognized the ideals of the social rank, which has influenced every society throughout history. The two social classes described by Marx were the Bourgeoisie, or the upper class, and the Proletariats, or the lower class. Before the Bourgeoisie came to social power, landowners and corporate organizations ran the society. Marx believed that the severe separation of the two classes greatly troubled society and that the two classes must coexist as one with each other.2 The Bourgeoisie were the landowners, employers, and those who received capital in the society. They had other people work under them and controlled labor in order to increase personal capital. â€Å"Marx delineates his vision of history, focusing on the development and eventual destruction of the bourgeoisie, the dominant class of his day.†3 The Bourgeoisie came up with the idea to create a new social class known as the Proletariats, which were the laborers for the production of Bourgeoisie industry. The Proletariat was composed of the lower class of individuals as well as the lower region of the middle class; which eventually fell into the classification of Proletariat. This class is identified by hard individual efforts. The Proletariats lived to work, and the only way that they were hired was if the business owners believed they could increase capital. Marx described the worker as a sort of soldier or a slave for their labor.4 Similar to slaves, the working class was exploited by their superiors, or the Bou... ... 1. Marx, Karl and Frederick Engels, Manifesto of the Communist Party (Dayton: U Dayton P, 1999), 38. 2. Smith, J.N. "ClassicNote on Communist Manifesto." ClassicNotes by Gradesaver. 2000. Gradesaver. 22 March 2001 < http://www.gradesaver.com/ClassicNotes/Titles/communist/ >. 3. Smith, J.N., ClassicNotes by GradeSaver 4. Lukacs, George. History and Class Consiousness (Massachusetts: The MIT Press, 1968), 46. 5. Smith, J.N., ClassicNotes by GradeSaver 6. McIntosh, Ian. Classical Sociological Theory (New York: New York University Press, 1997), 17. 7. Lukacs, George, 46. 8. Smith, J.N., ClassicNotes by GradeSaver 9. Hoselitz, Ben F. "Karl Marx on Secular and Social Development: A Study in the Sociology of Nineteenth Century 10. Marx, Karl and Frederick Engels, Manifesto of the Communist Party

The President’s National Drug Control Strategy

The National Drug Control Strategy was announced by the Bush administration during the first quarter of 2002. It is believed that the strategy was devised because of the perceived loss of â€Å"the national will to fight against substance abuse. † This perception resulted from a dismal situation recently occurring in the country. For instance, the findings of the â€Å"Monitoring the Future Survey† which was conducted by the University of Michigan showed that 26 out of 100 eight grade pupils admitted to trying illegal drugs at one time or another. In addition to this sad reality, it was observed that many drug dependents in the United States do not get the treatment required to help them get rid of their addiction. Faced with such a grim state of affairs, President Bush declared his belief that â€Å"the time has come to re-energize the national movement against illegal drugs †¦[by making up] lost ground in the fight against drugs by applying the lessons of our recent history – emphasizing a balance between supply and demand reduction effort† (U. S. Office of the Press Secretary, 2002). It is clear, therefore, that the President’s intention is not only to reduce the use of illegal drugs in the country by reducing the number of drug dependents, but also to trim down the supply of drugs entering the country. To achieve this twofold objective, the strategy was based on the following principles, namely: â€Å"stopping drug use before it starts; healing America’s drug users; and disrupting the mark et† (U. S. Office of the Press Secretary, 2002). The strategy maintains that in the struggle against illegal substances, every citizen has a vital role to play in â€Å"stopping drug use before it starts. † This could be undertaken through education as well as community-wide efforts. Specifically, the strategy emphasizes that everybody should be an advocate for responsible citizenship. In other words, wherever he or she is, e. g. in the home, in schools, in his or her church, or in the place where he or she works, a standard should be set to reaffirm this value. In this connection, every individual should do everything to convince everybody to reject the idea that the decision to use illegal drugs is an individual freedom. In the home, the parents are expected to instill in the minds of their children that illegal drugs is evil and would destroy them and their future. The educators should also teach the same value in schools while church authorities are counted on to preach the devastating effects of drugs (U. S. Office of the Press Secretary, 2002). To backstop the efforts of schools and the community, the Office of the President granted an additional $10 million to expand the operations of the â€Å"Drug-Free Communities Support Program† of the Office of National Drug Control Policy (ONDCP), aside from creating a â€Å"Parents Drug Corps† with a budget of $5 million (U. S. Office of the Press Secretary, 2002). In addition, increased funding were also provided to other ONDCP projects, namely: $25 million to the drug testing of students for the year 2003 (a whopping increase of $23 million); $145 million to the anti-drug information efforts of the â€Å"National Youth Anti-Drug Media Campaign† for its 2005 expansion which would â€Å"include information for teens and parents to promote early intervention against drug use. † The media campaigns are aimed at changing the beliefs prevailing among American teenagers concerning drugs. Meanwhile, the ONDCP said that the additional $10 million budget for the â€Å"Drug-Free Communities Program† would be able to finance an additional 100 community coalitions who would work for the prevention of drug abuse among young Americans, especially in depressed areas of the country (U. S. Office of National Drug Control Policy, 2004). The strategy also aims to â€Å"heal America’s drug users. † To accomplish this goal, the budget for the â€Å"Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA)† for the year 2003 was set at $2. 35 billion, increasing it to $2. 49 billion for 2004, and $2. 4 billion for the year 2005. Of particular interest is the increase of more than $100 million in the 2005 budget of the SAMHSA—Access to Recovery (ATR) program. According to the ONDCP, this will provide financial assistance to drug dependents who wish to avail of â€Å"clinical treatment or recovery services† on a case-to-case basis (U. S. Office of National Drug Control Policy, 2004). Extending additional assistance to drug dependents would be complemented with the creation of â€Å"a new climate of ‘compassionate coercion’† to get drug abusers to enter the government’s treatment programs. Compassionate coercion would be carried out with the help of the criminal justice system and the circle of family and friends of the drug abusers. According to the President’s strategy, it is now time to â€Å"confront drug use – and therefore drug users – honestly and directly† and every effort should be exerted to urge abusers to â€Å"enter and remain in drug treatment† (U. S. Office of the Press Secretary, 2002). The drug courts program of the Office of Justice Programs was likewise granted an increase of $32 million from its 2004 budget, raising its 2005 funding to $70. million. According to the strategy, this funding increase would improve the chances of success of the drug court programs by widening the scope as well as increasing the quality of the services provided by drug courts. The strategy explained that the drug court programs are serving as alternative solutions to imprisonment which utilizes the â€Å"coercive power of the court to force abstinence and alter [the] behavior† of drug dependents (U. S. Office of National Drug Control Policy, 2004). In other words, under the strategy, the criminal justice system is interested more in treating and rehabilitating drug abusers rather than putting them behind bars. To further enhance the capability of the criminal justice system in the task of treating and rehabilitating drug abusers, the President’s National Drug Control Strategy also increased the budget of the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) from $960. 9 million in 2003 to $990. 8 million for 2004 and more than $1 billion for the year 2005. NIDA is the agency which is tasked with conducting research activities concerning the problem, specifically â€Å"on the nature of addiction, development of science-based behavior interventions, medications development, and the rapid translation of research findings into practice. † This initiative clearly spells out one of the most important roles of law enforcement in the drug policy of the president: that of treating and rehabilitating drug dependents (U. S. Office of National Drug Control Policy, 2004). Another, equally important role being played by law enforcement in the drug strategy of the president is that of â€Å"disrupting the market and attacking the economic basis of the drug trade,† thereby reducing, if not entirely eliminating, the supply of illegal substance available in or entering the country. For this purpose, at least six government agencies were enlisted, namely: the â€Å"Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA); the Organized Crime Drug Enforcement Task Forces (OCDETF); the Immigration and Customs Enforcement; and the Department of State† (U. S. Office of National Drug Control Policy, 2004). â€Å"Disrupting the market† means that law enforcement agencies have both domestic and international missions. In the domestic scene, they are tasked not only with arresting drug suppliers and rounding up drug abusers, but also with intensifying the security of our borders to make the entry of drugs more difficult. In the international level, law enforcers are directed to seek out and destroy the supply of drugs in the countries of origin like Colombia, Venezuela, Bolivia, and other countries (U. S. Office of the Press Secretary, 2002). The strategy considers reducing or eliminating the supply to be of paramount importance because less supply would mean that the substance would become more expensive and thus less available to Americans. For this reason, law enforcement agencies has been focusing not only on the â€Å"agricultural sources† of these illegal substances but also on their organizational set-ups, the transportation systems of suppliers and distributors, their â€Å"financing mechanisms† and their processing methods. Adequate knowledge of these things would enable American law enforcement agencies to destroy the drugs at source and easily intercept those that producers are able to ship out of their bases of operations (U. S. Office of National Drug Control Policy, 2004). The President’s National Drug Control Strategy should be regarded with respect not only because of its awareness of the importance of treating and rehabilitating drug abusers but also because it has correctly pointed out that the complete elimination of the sources of illegal substances is one of the keys to the elimination of the drug problem in the country. The effectiveness of the strategy could be measured in terms of the reduction in the number of drug users and dependents in the country and the reduction or elimination of the supply of illegal substances in the market. Reducing the number of users without eliminating the supply of illegal substances would never be effective since new users and abusers would always crop up.

Eight exciting careers for the world traveler

Eight exciting careers for the world traveler Working eight hours every day behind a desk isn’t for everyone. If you love traveling and are tired of spending all your paid time off and hard-earned money on only traveling once or twice a year, consider finding a job that gives you the freedom to travel the world. Here are eight jobs for the world traveler:1. Cruise line workerCruise ship jobs are a travel lover’s dream gig. You get paid to travel the world and interact with people of different cultural backgrounds. As if that doesn’t sound amazing enough, you’ll receive free food and accommodation while collecting a salary.These floating resorts offer plenty of opportunities for individuals of all backgrounds. You can be a restaurant server, a cook, bartender, an entertainment director or a performer in the cruise’s entertainment lineup.2. International tour guideBecoming a tour manager or a tour guide is one of the most rewarding and exciting ways to travel the world. You get to learn about the history and culture of different countries while sharing your love of travel with like-minded individuals.Wherever you want to go, there are plenty of travel destinations that are always in need of friendly, knowledgeable guides. With tour guiding, you’ll get to travel to fabulous vacation spots while getting paid. What’s more, if you’re good at it, you may get good tips, making your salary very competitive.3. Travel agentIn the age of the Internet where you can easily search and book flights and vacation packages online, you may think that the professional travel agent is a dead career. While it’s predicted that there will be a decline in this job over the next decade, it’s still a rewarding occupation for travel lovers.Travel agents work with resorts, cruise lines, airlines, and rental companies to secure travel arrangements for their clients. This means you’ll regularly go on free trips to luxury resorts sponsored by resorts or travel co mpanies. The nice thing about becoming a travel agent is that you don’t have to pass an exam to prove that you know your stuff. While there are no real required skills, it’s useful to know basic things like geography and history and stay on top of the latest news at different destinations.4. TEFL teacherTeaching English abroad is just as rewarding for you as it is for your students. You’ll get to help students acquire one of the most sought-after skills in the world (speaking English) while immersing yourself in the country’s culture.Jobs are in abundance, but you may need a bachelor’s degree, TEFL training, TEFL certification, and some teaching experience. If you’re thinking about what countries to teach English abroad, Thailand is one of the most popular TEFL destinations you may want to consider. Other top TEFL teaching destinations to consider are Vietnam, Korea, Japan, Dubai, and Taiwan.5. Au pairBeing an au pair is one of the oldest an d most famous travel jobs. If you work well with children, consider taking up an au pair job. An au pair works for a host family in a foreign country and provides childcare services. Alongside childcare, you may help out with light household chores.You’ll receive free board and lodging as well as pocket money. Although the salary may be relatively low, you’ll get to immerse yourself in another culture as an extended member of the host family.6. PhotographerIf you’re skilled with a camera, you can turn your photographs into cash while traveling the world. As a travel photographer, you’ll be required to capture a variety of sites and events including destination hotels and resorts, outdoor adventures, scenery, cultures, local events, and customs.You can choose to become a full-time photographer and work for a company or as a freelancer. Either way, you will travel the world while making money.7. Website designerWe live in an exciting time where anyone can m ake a living online. Becoming a web designer is one of the occupations with oodles of potential and scope for employment. And, starting your web design journey in the field is easy – just choose a development specialization like JavaScript frameworks, HTML or CSS, get essential coding skills and launch an online portfolio.8. Flight attendantThis is the most obvious jobs that involve travelling the world. It doesn’t require a degree but the requirements may vary from one airline to another. Most major airlines require prior customer service experience and a certification from a relevant aviation agency. Some airlines may require you to be able to stand on your feet for extended periods of time and reach the overhead bins.Worth mentioning is that the work isn’t easy and the hours are frequently erratic. However, you’ll get the opportunity to travel around the world. Plus, you’ll get free or discounted flights for you and your family.These eight jobs will enable you to explore the world while making money and building your career. Just be sure to choose one that’s fit for you.About the Author: Riya is an inspired writer writing in several areas of expertise. With spending her years working marketing communication, Riya is delighted to work with aspiring small business owners. Connect with Riya on Twitter, @sanderriya.

Whats it like to work with a ghostwriter on your memoir

Whats it like to work with a ghostwriter on your memoir What's It Like to Work with a Ghostwriter? Well, Let’s Ask One Katy Weitz is an acclaimed UK ghostwriter who has worked for some of the biggest names in publishing including Harper Collins, Simon Schuster, Macmillan and Penguin Random House. In this guest post, she pulls back the curtain to reveal what the collaboration between a ghostwriter and an author  is really like.Just a few days before Christmas last year, I sent an email with the subject line - Your Book: The Full Manuscript - to my latest author Fiona. As I clicked on the send button, I actually grinned. I felt like Saint Nicholas himself, delivering to Fiona the very thing she had dreamed of for so long - her very own memoir. A few months before we had never even heard of one another and yet now, four months down the line, I knew Fiona’s life so intimately that I had been able to ‘become’ her on the page, to structure her story and create a narrative entirely from the interviews she had given me. Together, we had written a book! As always, the whole process s eemed miraculous, even to me, and I knew that Fiona (not her real name) was delighted with the result. I have been on this same journey a dozen times now, and yet it is never less than extraordinary every single time. And though the end result may be a physical thing - a book - it is the process of writing the story that is transformative. That is where the real magic happens; that is why I love what I do. Parts of a Book Explained: Front Matter, Body, and Back Matter Read post And so, with all the chapters written and amended, I put the whole lot together, including the ‘furniture’ of the book - i.e. the contents page, acknowledgments, and dedication - to create the full manuscript. Now it was time for a thorough read to check for pacing, consistency and structural issues. At this point, I can still make quite drastic changes. After all, it is the first time you are reading the book as a whole entity. It must come together in a coherent way. Have we tied up the loose ends? Are the chapters the correct length? Did we explain the background to each character? It takes a bit of time but only after I am completely satisfied will it go to my author and I get to send that wonderful email titled: Your Book: The Full Manuscript.For the author, there may be a few more steps on the road to publication but this is the moment I treasure - and those are the words I never tire of writing.If you have any experiences of working with a ghostwriter - or any questions you'd like to ask Katy - just leave a message in the comments below.

Problem-Solution of Global Warming Research Paper

Problem-Solution of Global Warming - Research Paper Example More than a third of the US was affected by the drought that ended in late July. During this period, the country also suffered from destructive that demolished houses felled trees and brought down power infrastructure. The country also witnessed fires destroy over 700 homes in Colorado. However, the 2012 disasters are not the only ones, in the preceding year the U.S. had unprecedented fourteen unfavourable weather events that culminated to a loss of almost $50 billion and unaccounted health costs. In 2012, the country suffered 74 deaths as a result of extreme heat. Moreover, the mortality rate related to the hot climatic condition has been a trend for the past two decades. In 2011, the country lost 206 people an increase from 138 in 2010. National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration reported that death caused by increased heat has doubled as an average of 10 years from past years average. It is forecasted that global warming if not addressed will kill more than a hundred thousand Am erica as a result of increased heat. The side effect of flood and storms do not comprise death and destruction of property only, but it includes contaminating drinking water resulting in the outbreak of communicable infectious diseases. Increased heat and air pollution make people suffer from respiratory problems. Furthermore, global warming effects have increased tropical storms. Florida experienced immersed flooding in 2012 and claimed about seven people. The flood also destroyed about 100 households and displaced thousands other while causing damages worth billions of dollars to homes, beaches and businesses.

The four people who influenced malcolm x life Research Paper

The four people who influenced malcolm x life - Research Paper Example ?s family background, the biographic report projects about his mother ‘Louise Norton Little’ as a homemaker as well as the mother of eight children. Malcolm’s father, ‘Earl Little’ was a minister and a supporter of Marcus Garvey who during that time was the leader of the Black Nationalist Party (Colorado State University, â€Å"Malcolm X - An Islamic Perspective.†). Adding to these, during the childhood days of Malcolm, his family was often threatened by the ‘Black Legion’ which was a ‘white supremacist organization’ and which even got its hands in the murder of ‘Earl Little’. The entire life of Malcolm took the form of struggle after this incident. These factors highlight the historical background of this ‘African-American Muslim’ minister along with ‘Human Rights Activist’ (The Estate of Malcolm X, â€Å"Biography†). Thesis. The four individuals who had a lasting impact on Malcolm X’s life were ‘his father Earl Little’, ‘his brother Reginald’, ‘Elijah Muhammad, the leader of the Nation of Islam (NOI) organization’ and ‘his wife Betty Shabazz’. In the life of Malcolm X, the influence of the mentioned four individuals had been profound and compelling to direct him towards attaining greater recognition as a forthright leader of the masses. The first person who can be considered to have influenced Malcolm’s life is his father ‘Earl Little’. Malcolm’s father had been into the political scenario since long and had played a significant role in terms of influencing Malcolm to enter the world of politics after the death of his father and a long phase of struggling childhood. As stated in his biography, ever since the death of his father, all the eight children got split up either with foster parents or ended up in orphanages (The Estate of Malcolm X, â€Å"Biography†). Malcolm during his teenage period got arrested in a case of burglary and was sentenced to suffice 10 years of imprisonment. It was during that time