Intergenerational Family Violence Essay

The family violence has taken a new toll in the current times. The family violence has become very common indeed and the number of offenders in these crimes has increased far beyond the reach. The cases originate on daily basis and the statistics show that most of the times victims are females who are physically and mental abused in different ways. In these scenarios it has been observed that these events cause much more damage to the children who watch these events often. The child abuse on the other hand has also become debatable as the cases increase. The intergenerational family violence might not have been studied before but it has always been available to study whenever there is an event of family violence. The human nature is based on social learning theory. It is the human tendency to watch the behaviors and then try to implement in their personalities (Murrell et al, 2007). Behaviorists have put forward the theory that the social learning theory is applicable only when if it triggers a change in the behavior of the observer whereas the theorists say that the learning process is an ever going process and it is not incomplete if it doesn’t cause any change in the behavior (Kernsmith, 2006). Whatever the theorists and behaviorists state about the social learning theory, it is evident that the observations of these events cause damage to the future lives of those who watch these family violence events. Postmodern thinking supports these claims, stating that individuals â€Å"create the social reality for their behavior according to how they interpret norms in particular milieus† (Markward, 1997). Child abuse has different effects on the victims. Some children after these events become reserve and some become violent. Even also watching the abusing of their mothers in front of them creates a negative notion in their minds about the realities of life (Pollak, 2004). This is the learning process as described by the theorists. The observations made by child make a deep impact on the mind intentionally or unintentionally. Sometimes the action doesn’t come right after the observation. It is dependent about the mental strength of the individual on how much extreme extent he has to formalize his mind towards these events. But surely the mind is working as the interpretation process continues from time to time (Kernsmith, 2006). In order to cause change the mind works in such a way to determine how much impact such event has made. For example, continuous abusing observations might make the child to become violent at times, even if he is not violent the aggregation of emotions might be taking place in his mind which makes him to get reserved to the situations from time to time. A time comes when the mentality of the child becomes harnessed by the violent activities and he also starts to become violent at times (Corvo, 2006). Thus the change has been triggered in the behavior of the child after looking at these abusing events continuously. This makes the situation awful not only for the child because by this way they cause different violent activities and the victims may increase in numbers depending upon the strength of activities (Pollak, 2004). The violent psychology taken forward by the children has been creating lot of issues. The US population is filled with those who have tensions grown up in their households due to different financial and emotionally problems (Kernsmith, 2006). These usually end up fighting and one of them getting beaten. The children also come down in the impact of these fighting resulting in long term future damage to their lives. The behaviorists say that the children have a tendency to attract to those thing quickly which make a deep impact on their mind and heart. They are emotionally immature at early stages and an action like abusing them or their parents can increase their interest towards these activities (Murrell et al, 2007). It has also been observed that the continuous family violence has been exhibited by those who have gone through this violence before in their lives when they were young (Corvo, 2006). Thus an event like this happening in their early lives provides them the luxury to be like them in the future as they commit family violence by abusing their children and their spouses. Many researchers have observed a relation between the events happening in an early age of a young one when he experienced violence and those offences which he committed when he was adult. This phenomenon is now known as intergenerational transmission of violence and aggression. Researchers believe that the pattern of social learning theory makes its mark by providing the model to the child as he also sees the positive results due to this violence (Kernsmith, 2006). Most often the result of abusing her mother by her father results in the victory of the father due to his aggressive attitude and then therefore inherits these positive results to implement them in his behavior. Learning theories, such as socialization, social learning, and elements of feminist theory, asserts that behaviors are learned throughout our lives through our interactions with others. This is how the socialization then gets affected by the family violence as it is then exhibited outside the homes (Corvo, 2006). The social learning theory is based on the study of behaviors. With change in behaviors the extremism of these violent acts can be configured by the child as he observes all these events. When we critically evaluate the works of the researchers we come to know that there theories are practical and are very close to reality. That is, formally it was believed that the social learning theory doesn’t have any impact on the child’s behaviors and how he interprets different things and scenarios differently. These theories are nevertheless were thought to be just taught in the classrooms without any practical implementations to be viewed. But certain examples with results have provided the evidence that each and every action is based on some behavior and behavioral change in the children. Alan Sears has been the follower of the social learning theory and he stated the change to be inevitable in each case. It, however, depends upon the current and future scenarios when the person feels the extreme need to behave in a particular order. According to Hume Lock’s theory of empiricism the child mind is a blank slate after he is born. He just starts to observe things when his mind becomes little bit old. But still the child doesn’t have any ability to differentiate between the things quickly. He first acknowledges difference between things and then tries to remember them. The object of family violence plays its part when the child starts to learn these behaviors and try to compare them with others in contexts of their results. This learning process binds these actions in his mind and produce intimidation. The intimidation is considered as the urge of something to do. This urge is the force that drives the child to implement those actions which he had learnt over time and time. Now when this intimidation gets extreme, the action follows (Pollak, 2004). The strength of the action will be less at first but the result might be satisfying for him thus providing him the strength to commit this again. These continuous steps will make the child habitual of these things and the interpretation of things and difference between good and bad become ineligible in the mental stature of the child. The intimidation process is then followed by reinforcement. The reinforcement is the final phase of the social learning theory where the mind of the person has become mature enough to stand by his rules and principles and actions which he first observed and then followed over the course of his. The string of these events has made the mind to do violent as a good act and the maturity of the man accepts these actions as inevitable to bring about a change in others as well. In order to clearly view the reasons of these violent activities we have to go through a number of research steps through the prison record checks and the information provided by various NGOs. This information depicts the facts that the family violence is caused by difference in mental statures of the two who are involved. The gender differences, the act of domination by male on his spouse, the financial and emotionally tensions and the mentality of the person of his childhood when he would have experienced such event and would have thought that it will be better off to get aggressive and make people agree by force rather than negotiations, thus providing a lot easier battleground to them to conquer (Pollak, 2004). The intergenerational transmission of family violence has made the problems to arise in whole of the America. There are very common cases of these events taking place on common basis. People get hurt physically without any reasons and the innocent children who grow up by being abused or watching get people abused try to implement these behaviors afterwards. In order to remove these kinds of violent activities it is imperative that the laws should be made more severe for those who are adult and also they have to provide a facility where they can control their aggression and should be treated for the change in behaviors. The children which have been affected by these events should be taken in for great care as to change their pattern of thinking process which could benefit them in their future lives. References Murrell, Amy R. Christoff, Karen A. & Henning, Kris R. (2007). Characteristics of Domestic Violence Offenders: Associations with Childhood Exposure to Violence. Springer Science + Business Media. Corvo, Kenneth. (2006). Violence, Separation, and Loss in the Families of Origin of Domestically Violent Men. Kernsmith, Poco. (2006). Gender Differences in the Impact of Family of Origin Violence on Perpetrators of Domestic Violence. Pollak, Robert A. (2004). An Intergenerational Model of Violence. Springer Verlag.

Group Dynamics: Ethics in Counseling Essay

Abstract A current and very active debate surrounding counseling, psychotherapy, and the human services professions is the hot topic of ethics in groups. This paper will explore the intriguing world of ethics by looking at how ethics is defined, including ethical theories and philosophical concerns. Ethics are designed to enforce the needs, and ethical principles of an association, organization, or business, while demonstrating the expectations of professionals obligated to particular ethic codes. This paper will seek to examine ethics in-group counseling settings by reviewing empirical based evidence and outlining information from the American Counseling Association (ACA) code of ethics. In addition, this paper will discuss ethical practices in counseling, focusing on issues such as a competence, confidentiality, and rights while taking an in depth look at group therapy versus individual counseling. Furthermore, it will establish an understanding of why a therapist would choose one type of therapy over another. A spiritual integration will include a worldview perception of ethics in relation to God’s covenant. In conclusion, a first person analysis will discuss leadership qualities, an individual approach to group therapy, along with identifying ethical personal challenges. Intro Counseling is a broad term encompassing many types of counseling subfields; marriage counseling, family counseling, grief counseling, and group and individual counseling to name a few. Counseling offers a way for an individual to gain perspective on his or her behavior, emotions, relationships or personal circumstances. It acts as a means for addressing pain or working through difficult transitions in life. This is accomplished by providing methods for expressing feelings, exploring new ideas, and  identifying patterns in behavior and thinking. For many people it is a way to alleviate anxiety or depression and to find effective ways to develop their communication skills. â€Å"Counseling specialties share a common interest in facilitating human and systematic growth† (Ponton, R. F., & Duba, J. D., 2009). However, professionals in human service and mental health professions are challenged with ethical dilemmas involving their clients on a continual basis. Ethics in Counseling Throughout history numerous individuals have sought to maintain their psychological well being through therapeutic methods such as counseling. An important aspect of the counseling field is ethics, a system of moral principles, which attempts to differentiate between good and bad. According to Collins English Dictionary, ethics are defined as a social, religious, or civil code of behavior considered correct, especially that of a particular group, profession, or individual. Ethic codes are an integral part of both personal and professional lives that are the root of an individual’s actions on a daily basis. There are several types of ethics that are applied to different fields, however ethics play a very pivotal role in the various forms of counseling. One of the principle concerns of ethics is an individual’s well being. For counselors, according to Gravitz (2008), â€Å"facing ethical dilemmas is a normal and expected part of our work, and ethical awareness is a continuous, active process that involves constant questioning† An individual’s conception of ethics is based on his or her own system of beliefs, values, cultural influences and life experiences. In efforts to govern the professional application of qualified therapists, counselors, and human service professionals, a standardized code of ethics was developed by mental health associations. This code of ethics is a basic foundation that defines professional therapy and sets the standards for appropriate behavior, professional expectations, and protects the client, the counselor, and the profession as a whole. A therapist or human service professional is responsible for identifying the limit or scope of his or her practice and training in efforts to prevent crossing ethical boundaries.  Ã¢â‚¬Å"The ACA Code of Ethics (American Counseling Association, 2005) is an articulation of the ever-changing relationship between counseling  professionals and society† (Ponton, 2009). Mental health professionals have an obligation to themselves and their clients to be familiar with their professional code of ethics and how it applies to their particular professional service. Group Counseling Among the many forms of counseling available to individuals is group counseling. In-group counseling a therapist, or therapist and co- therapist work with multiple patients in resolving specific issues. According to MacNair-Semands, R. R. (2007), â€Å"In a society marked by racism, classism, sexism, and heterosexism, we have an opportunity of transforming the group experience rather than perpetuating these dynamics†. For people who may suffer from social anxiety issues or who are not comfortable in a one on one setting with a therapist, a group setting can be very effective. Another important factor to consider is the cost involved with group counseling as opposed to individual counseling. As previously stated, group counseling is a form of counseling designed for several people at once, as opposed to individual counseling. In section B.4 of the ACA Code of Ethics (2005), it highlights the specific areas that should be taken into consideration in group therapy. An important role as the group leader is to keep the group focused and to encourage healthy positive communication between and among group members. A group will typically focus on one specific issue due to the complexities of having different people with unique personalities and circumstances together in a group. By focusing on one issue, such as depression, sexual assault, or social anxiety, each member of the group is surrounded by others who are struggling with a similar experience or concern. This allows the group members to feel heard and understood by their peers. As time progresses in a group setting, the cohesion and trust of group members also evolves. The group members are more confident, drawing strength from one another and able to support each other, essentially beginning to heal. For trained human service professionals (i.e., medical doctor, counselor, social worker, etc†¦), there is a high standard of ethical behavior that applies to group counseling to protect the group leaders and members of the  group. In an article written by Corey, G., Williams, G. T., & Moline, M. E. (1995) it notes how â€Å"we assume that the group leader’s personal life is a key determinant of how well he or she will function in the role of group facilitator†. However, in terms of ethical considerations, the focus should be on unethical behavior such as â€Å"sexual misconduct, incompetence, negligence, and malpractice†. It is essential for therapist to be knowledgeable about ethical principles and incorporate them into everyday decision-making. According to Brabender, V. (2006), â€Å"in the training of group psychotherapists, considerable attention is devoted to the mastery of theory and technique that will enable the therapist to be effective in helpi ng members to meet their individual and group goals†. There are many issues associated with group therapy that can provide significant implications for a group therapist or the group as a whole. In Section B.4.a of the ACA Code of Ethics (2005), it states that counselors â€Å"clearly explain the importance and parameters of confidentiality for the specific group being entered†. Unfortunately, literature on ethical issues with group therapy is not as prominent as existing literature within individual therapy settings. â€Å"One of the major clinical and ethical challenges for the group therapist is identifying and managing the difference between therapeutic and destructive pressures for members’ self disclosures† (MacNair-Semands, 2007). A group therapist is responsible for the consideration of group members’ sensitivities and disclosures to be held confidential by other group members as well as him or her. Ellman, M., & Pezanis-Christou, P. (2010) notes how â€Å"communication can affect the ethical behavior of a group†. If confidentiality is not handled in a professional and ethical manner it can cause anxiety and shame towards the group member and the therapist may suffer extreme repercussions from state licensure boards, and the group may encounter a premature termination. Individual Therapy An alternative to group counseling is individual therapy that involves individuals meeting with a therapist one on one. This direct approach allows individuals to identify effective techniques to achieve their goals and cope with difficult events in their lives. Individuals seeking therapy are typically suffering from different forms of problematic behaviors, feelings, beliefs, or some form of traumatic experience. This active form of therapy  may encompass many different treatment styles such as psychoanalysis that strives for personal growth and cognitive behavioral therapy, which examines the patterns of a client’s feelings and behaviors. Therapist and human service professionals will help clients focus on issues such as self-awareness, adjustment to personal circumstances, and finding understanding in their lives. For effective individual therapy to take place it is essential that the therapist or human service professional has a good awareness of self and how his or her own morals and values could affect the relationship with the client. However, â€Å"every form of psychological intervention presents its own set of ethical and legal problems and dilemmas† (Brabender, V. M., & Fallon, A., 2009). Ethical principles stem from ethical theories, which are divided into three general subject areas; metaethics, normative ethics, and applied ethics. When human service professionals are defending particular actions, they normally appeal to these principles and not the underlying theory. According to Fieser (2009), â€Å"Metaethics investigates where our ethical principles come from, and what they mean† this focus is on universal truths, the will of God, the role of reason, and the role of reason in ethical judgments. â€Å"Normative ethics takes on a more practical task, which is to arrive at a moral standards that regulate right and wrong conduct†. This includes the consequences of behavior along with the rules we should follow, such as the guidelines provided by the ACA Code of Ethics, 2005. â€Å"Applied ethics involves examining specific controversial issues, such as abortion, infanticide, animal rights, environmental concerns, homosexuality, capital punishment, or nuclear war. An individual therapist can be faced with a variety of ethical concerns that branch from these ethical theories such as accepting gifts, which could cause harm to a client or breach relationship lines. Yet, in the same instance, a counselor may risk insulting a client from another culture if they refuse the gift. â€Å"The psychoanalytic psychotherapist encounters various, often conflicting guiding principles, when faced with an ethical predicament† (Brà ¤sler, L., 2009). Confidentiality is a major problem that is often reported to state license boards across the country. There are a number of exceptions to this rule when the decision to breach confidentiality must be made to protect the client from him or herself, or  another person. Another important issue is in relation to boundaries, there are both sexual and non-sexual ethical boundaries that counselors should not cross. Counselor self-disclosure is one example of boundary counseling. According to Gutheil (2010), ethical aspects of self-disclosure identify â€Å"the most relevant principles, which are: †¢Beneficence (doing good for the patient) †¢Nonmaleficence (doing no harm) †¢The fiduciary relationship between clinician and patient, where the interests and welfare of the patient always predominate A counselor’s self-disclosure can often place an added burden on the client or take the focus off him or her and put it on the counselor. Some individuals, who are not comfortable with self-disclosure or examining their feelings in individual therapy, may choose to seek group counseling to be surrounded by others dealing with similar difficulties. Group Therapy vs. Individual Therapy The traditional form of therapy is a one on one interaction with a client and therapist, or human service professional. People seek individual or group counseling to address many issues such as depression, anxiety, low self esteem, mental disorders, or sexual assault to name a few. However, as previously stated, group therapy is a form of treatment that involves more than two or more clients at once and can sometimes involve more than one therapist. While group therapy encompasses many of the same techniques that are utilized in individual therapy, it does this on a larger scale and with a variety of complex ethical implications. According to MacNair-Semands (2007), â€Å"another potential conflict for group members is maintaining the confidentiality of other group members when they feel the need to discuss their group experiences with significant others†. Nonetheless, group therapy can be used as an alternative, or in conjunction with, individual therapy, â€Å" The complexi ty of combined therapy necessitates the therapist’s firm grounding in ethical theories and a thorough understanding of the fundamentals of the ethical codes of the human service professions† (Brabender, V. M., & Fallon, A., 2009). Depending on the situation, a therapist providing individual counseling can opt for group therapy to best  serve the needs of his or her client. â€Å"In principle ethics, when principles conflict, the practitioner must carefully weigh, balance, sift, and winnow competing principles to determine which principle has precedence† (Urofsky, R. I., Engels, D. W., & Engebretson, K., 2008). A therapist must consider these principles when in a group setting, because people often feel a sense of connection with other members of the group that could lead to potential conflict or jealousy. They are surrounded by people suffering from a similar experience and typically will grow a sense of mutual support with one another. Individuals are accustomed to being in groups in one form or another, through family, work, or school for example. Counselors may choose group therapy for their clients to bring them into a situation in which they may be more comfortable. Members are able to learn and grow from one another. Others prefer to have the one on one attention that is provided in individual counseling. Approach Like many counselors in the human services profession, the leadership qualities I possess have developed from my life experiences, personal ethics, morals and values. I have a strong, determined, willful personality that feeds into my skills as a leader. I am an active, empathetic listener and I will approach any counseling setting with the confidence and skill necessary to help others. I am flexible, considerate, and willing to adapt to any given situation, especially when my client requires change. It is my belief that we grow from our own difficulties. My life experience has helped me to communicate in an efficient manner, listen and hear more effectively, and maintain a non-judgmental, non-dismissive stance on the complexities in life. Therapy is about helping someone examine themselves in an honest and open manner so they may learn and grow from the experience. I am a sincere, genuine, and trusting individual with a passion for helping others; I have a clear understanding of my competence level and will competently provide the best care possible within my limits. I understand that what works well for one person may not work for another, therefore keeping in mind that every person is unique and finding what works best for each client at that specific time is invaluable. In a group setting, preparation is a very important factor, I would first  make a commitment to providing an ample amount of time to organize and plan for my group. I will make sure all group members are aware of all the rules and expectations in a group setting. My primary focus would be to encourage the group members to be open and honest with themselves, and to the group. I will tactfully handle any conflict that occurs, and provide substantial questions for the group to open discussion. By knowing my own strengths and weakness I am aware of my abilities and knowledge that I will bring to a group setting. For instance, if I am working with a group of abused women, I understand that trust and security are a very important factor in their lives. It is imperative that I be viewed as a trustworthy person. Therapy in any setting is a very personal and private relationship, it is important for clients to be able to trust and depend on their therapist or group leader. Corey (1995) indicates that: â€Å"Groups have unique therapeutic power that can be used to empower clients in their life changing journey, groups also have the potential to produce harm to their participants. Thus, the group leader’s skill, style, personal characteristics, and competence in group work are crucial dimensions that contribute to the quality of the outcomes of a group†. In a group setting, I will treat all group members with respect, set limits when necessary and include self-disclosure to maintain trust and cohesion. â€Å"For completeness, note also that the therapist’s comfort level, personal needs, and wishes for privacy also enter into the decision of whether and what to disclose† (Gutheil, G. T., 2010). I am most confident in a leader directed approach to group settings however, I am also comfortable with maintaining the group’s focus when turning the group over to group members in a group directed approach to determine the direction and content. In a group setting I will focus on the strengths of group members and help each to utilize their strengths when facing areas of weakness. I will also be cautious to make referrals when an issue has reached a scope beyond my capability. When faced with an ethical challenge, I will handle it according to principle and ethical guidelines. There are a number of ethical concerns, which I may encounter, such as end of life care for terminally ill patients.  I tend to be very emotional about this subject matter and may find myself in a situation in which I am unable to separate my personal beliefs from my professional responsibilities. Another area of concern is my roles and relationships with clients. In section A.5.c of the ACA Code of Ethics (2005), it outlines that a â€Å" counselor-client nonprofessional relationships with clients, former clients, their romantic partners, or their family members should be avoided, except when the interaction is potentially beneficial to the client†. I have a tendency to become attached to people and form close relationships, which will be unethical in a counseling setting. Because of my personal nature a main ethical concern of mine is boundaries in relation to self-disclosure. While a certain amount of self-disclosure can establish trust in a therapeutic relationship, â€Å"both disclosure and nondisclosure may foster or impair the therapeutic alliance† (Gutheil, G. T., 2010)†. A key factor when encountering any ethical dilemmas will be maintaining my professionalism and handling the issue in the most responsible, effective manner. Spiritual Integration One of the most widely used scriptural references used worldwide is found in John 3:16 (English Standard Version), â€Å" For God so loved the world, that he gave his only son, that whoever believes in him should not perish but have eternal life†. This scripture declares God’s response to our sin, his covenant. The bible speaks of God’s covenant with his people in numerous places, explaining how our relationship with God is made by provision and exists by his terms alone. As humans through our covenant with God we enjoy a relationship with Him, which includes material provision in this life as well as the life to come. As counselors we enter into a covenant agreement with our clients, and the human services profession. According to Ponton (2009), when he speaks of the ACA Code of Ethics, 2005 he states that it â€Å"provides clear parameters of behaviors to meet the challenging needs of the people counselors are called to serve†. He includes that it acts as both a statement of counselor identity and an ethical covenant with society. In our covenant with God we are called to serve Him. One way this is done is by serving others through the human services professions, using the gifts in which God has given us to help others. Throughout the old and new testaments we read stories of ethical and moral concerns, such as in 1 Corinthians 6:9-11 (English Standard Version) where it reads â€Å" Or do you not know that the unrighteous will not inherit the kingdom of God? Do not be deceived: neither the sexually immoral, nor idolaters, nor adulterers, nor men who practice homosexuality, nor thieves, nor the greedy, nor drunkards, nor revilers, nor swindlers will inherit the kingdom of God. And such were some of you. But you were washed, you were sanctified, you were justified in the name of the Lord Jesus Christ and by the Spirit of our God†. In our covenant with God there is no bargaining, no bartering, or contract negotiations regarding the terms of His covenant. It makes an extreme difference how we think of our covenant with God, especially with regard to the motives of the heart. Our covenant with God is a unique relationship of intimate fellowship in mutual love. We have an ethical and moral responsibility to our God and ourselves in keeping the covenant. If human services viewed their professional covenant outside of the realm of cold, business like, rules and guidelines then it would make a world of difference in how clients are treated. Conclusion Having been on both sides of the counseling spectrum as a client and group leader, I am a firm believer in the therapeutic process and the power of groups. If a counselor is of sound mind and body, and has a full understanding of his or her ethical obligation then they will be fully aware of how to handle the ethical dilemmas that they may encounter. The American Counseling Association (2005), and other mental health associations provide distinctive outlines of things that should be considered when entering the field of counseling. The aforementioned sections of this paper are only a mere sample of what is indicated in ethical concentrations. References American Counseling Association. (2005). ACA Code of Ethics. Alexandria, VA Retrieved from http://www.counseling.org/Resources/CodeOfEthics/TP/Home/CT2.aspx Brabender, V. (2006). The ethical group psychotherapist. International Journal of Group Psychotherapy, 56(4), 395-414. doi:10.1521/ijgp.2006.56.4.395 Brabender, V. M., & Fallon, A. (2009). Ethical hot spots of combined individual and group therapy: Applying four ethical systems. International Journal of Group Psychotherapy, 59(1), 127-147. doi:10.1521/ijgp.2009.59.1.127 Brà ¤sler, L. (2009). The ethical container: Different dimensions informing ethical action. Psychoanalytic Psychotherapy in South Africa, 17(2), 53. Collins English Dictionary – Complete & Unabridged 10th Edition. Retrieved from http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/ethics Corey, G., Williams, G. T., & Moline, M. E. (1995). Ethical and legal issues in group counseling. Ethics & Behavior, 5(2), 161-183. doi: 10.1207/s15327019eb0502_4 Ellman, M., & Pezanis-Christou, P. (2010). Organizational structure, communication, and group ethics. (author abstract). American Economic Review, 100(5), 2478. doi:10.1257/aer.100.5.2478 Fieser, J., (2009). Ethics. Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Retrieved from http://www.iep.utm.edu/ethics/ Gravitz, M. A. (2008). Ethics in psychotherapy and counseling: A practical guide, 3rd ed. American Journal of Clinical H ypnosis, 51(1), 79. Gutheil, G. T. (2010). Ethical aspects of self-disclosure in psychotherapy. Psychiatric Times, 27(5), 39. MacNair-Semands, R. R. (2007). Attending to the spirit of social justice as an ethical approach in group therapy. International Journal of Group Psychotherapy, 57(1), 61-66. doi:10.1521/ijgp.2007.57.1.61 Ponton, R. F., & Duba, J. D. (2009). The â€Å"ACA code of ethics†: Articulating counseling’s professional covenant. Journal of Counseling & Development, 87(1), 117-121. Urofsky, R. I., Engels, D. W., & Engebretson, K. (2008). Kitchener’s principle ethics: Implications for counseling practice and research. Counseling and Values, 53(1), 67.

THE RESPONSIBILITY PROJECT Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

THE RESPONSIBILITY PROJECT - Research Paper Example Geyston Bakery is a bakery that contributes to the community through profits (Liberty Mutual 2012). A popular item sold is the brownie which is used in the social enterprise help a social and profit mission (Liberty Mutual, 2010). One problem facing the bakery is the open hiring. The bakery uses an open hiring to hire individuals in the community. Any one that applies, no matter an individual’s past history, will receive an open position in the bakery. People are only turned away if the bakery is already fully staffed. Open hiring can impact the community in a positive way. All individuals in the community can get job experience, learn a marketable trade, and receive a paycheck that goes back into the community. Lower employment rates can result from this practice. The community can prosper as members of the community get back on their feet through a job. Another issue is the funded community development. Profits from the bakery are given to the Graceland Foundation (Liberty Mutual, 2010). In turn, the Graceland Foundation helps out community programs. A few of these programs are housing, healthcare, and childcare in the community. (Liberty Mutual, 2010). The programs that Graceland Foundation provides help the local community, not some far away community. The bakery gets support, but receives more business due to the programs supported. Childcare helps both parents be employable. Housing programs can provide shelter for families. Healthcare will allow for preventative measures that will save the community in medical bills for issues that can be corrected. Greyston Bakery is helping their community be a better place and setting an example for other businesses to help their communities. The actions of open hiring and supporting community programs are relevant in the way organizational and personal decisions are made in the bakery. These goals are the

Browser-specific Web Sites. Good or Bad Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Browser-specific Web Sites. Good or Bad - Essay Example The development of browser specific websites has come a long way from when Netscape and Internet Explorer who were the major players in the market. During this development, the various browsers developed HTML tags that could only work with a particular browser. The browser specific elements like the HTML tag are specific to individual browsers. For instance, the Netscape blink set of tags specifically apply to Netscape. Other social networking sites such as facebook, twitter, LinkedIn, Google + etcetera are designed to be browser specific sites. Setting up the web sites to be viewed using particular web browsers leads to both merits and demerits. (Negrino & Smith, 2009) According to Manian, (2012), the merits resulting from browser specific sites are as follows. Firstly they are good for companies that employ a standard browser and thus the time and cost incurred in designing the website will be much lower. Secondly, they provide rewards and incentives at different locations. They can also be used to generate badges that people unlock when writing something detailed at a given place. Another merit is that, people who work with recycling can be heard directly by the audience. More so, have the benefits of sharing experiences or opinions about news and events. It personalizes and localizes recycling. One may draft posts and publish them later. It has irregular and spread out updates. Securing the web browser eliminates computer problems which are always caused by spyware being installed without the users’ knowledge to intruders taking control of the computer. In addition, it enhances access to cloud services is properly managed and audited in spite of whether the employees are working within or outside the corporate firewall. Browser specific websites hold up conformity reporting and forensics by giving the option to capture a screen-shot of browser content and create a visual audit trail of interactions with managed applications.

To what extent is physical beauty an indicator of mate quality Essay

To what extent is physical beauty an indicator of mate quality - Essay Example One commonality however remains in looks which remains something that can be studied in depth within the length of this paper. What this paper will also explore the societal representation of what it remarks as the present day value hierarchies and how people have positively and/or negatively joined on to the bandwagon which is regarded as the physical beauty construct in order to choose a mate of their own choice. It is derived from an aspect of beauty and looks rather than focusing on personality and character. Physical attractiveness is a very important element within the mate selection quarters. This is because beauty has always been the bone of contention amongst different people. They have regarded beauty as being the epitome of quality within the mate of their choice. And hence a soul mate is usually the one who appeals to them from the beauty aesthetics point of view more than anything else. This is important for them since it raises their ego, gives them an advantage point over other individuals that they have the best spouse, and more than anything else, makes them realize that they would have to live with a beautiful/handsome individual for the rest of their lives (Black 2004). Their role within the mate selection is therefore focused on quality, which comes directly under the aegis of beauty and physical attraction, more than the personality that an individual might possess. Beauty is known to be a hidden tenet within the minds and hearts of the people and takes a lot of time for people to comprehend yet physical attraction is something which easily triggers a positive response when it comes to discerning the mate quality. Mate selection has thus become a very important subject to comprehend and more so in the present times, when a lot of emphasis is on having the perfect match possible. However, unfortunately the whole focus is on physical attraction rather than

Text Analysis 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Text Analysis 2 - Essay Example Theodore of Sykeon, 1.2). The Lord Christ accepted the plea put forward by the icons and granted St. Theodore an extension of fifteen years in life. After the icons’ imploration was accepted St. Theodore soon regained his health and was able to live the life which he nearly lost. The icons played the role of an intermediary on behalf of St. Theodore pleading to God to grant him more years of life, which was accepted. This is why the Byzantines attached great importance to icons as religious figures, as evident in their art, because of their piety and role as mediators between God and humans. This story shows how the icons’ pleading convinced God of granting more life to St. Theodore and hence, this explains the importance of icons in Byzantine. Icons were held in great respect in Byzantium due to its religious symbolism. Icons represented sacred images or symbols of saints, Christ or Virgin Mary and were constructed out of a variety of media. The icons were so pervasive in Byzantium that they were found in different sizes and forms. Icons represented religious figures and were given much admiration. It can be observed that icons occupy a central place in Byzantine Art due to their connection with religion. Icons had great religious importance because of their association with holiness and divinity. From the story of St. Theodore, it is evident that icons played a central role in bringing back the saint from the edge of death by pleading to God. So, icons portrayed religious figures who were essentially holy and sacred. By the life granted to him by God, St, Theodore continued to do many miracles. He gained the support and admiration of various people who left their homes and journeyed their way to his monastery to serve him. All those who were healed refused to go home and stayed with St. Theodore. After the workmen let the demons free from the hill, the village fell into

Governance & Public Managemenet Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Governance & Public Managemenet - Essay Example This report explores that the idea of freedom is very comforting and when the government authorities realized that the society can no longer be controlled by the use of the coercive power of the state, it gradually follows the trend towards â€Å"governing without government†. Governing without government is seen as a concept of political freedom which is supported with the concepts of civil liberties and human rights. Most democratic societies are characterised by various freedoms which are afforded with the legal protection of the state. This essay stresses that there are several types of freedom of which, various kinds are legally protected by the state. In a democratic society, citizens enjoy the â€Å"freedom of assembly† of which, they are free to gather, organize a club, groups or any organization as well as â€Å"freedom of association† where in, in building up an organization, adults can freely choose their associates. Slavery and discrimination is a thing of the past, and today, many organizations in countries have imposed laws to respect the human rights. There is now a â€Å"freedom from government sanctioned discrimination† and â€Å"freedom of religion† where in the distinction in races, age, gender, religion, religion practices and culture is now respected and seen as a normal part of a society. Discrimination in the society was decreased, if not eliminated, by the help of policies imposed by the government such as civil rights legislation, equal opportunities law and benefits . Today, citizens are now enjoying the "freedom of education" of which, parents are now free to choose any school that they wanted for their children to send to. Capitalism is also known as "freedom of enterprise" wherein, companies are now privately owned

Samsung Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Samsung - Essay Example It has been analyzed that the company has a high driving force to expand its business in the future. Thus, the researcher has decided to formulate a research proposal revolving around the scope of business expansion for Samsung through its Smart Phone Products in the global market (Dibb 166). Rational of the Research The states of business affairs for the modern multinational corporations have become highly complex after globalization of the world economy. In this epoch, the corporate firms must try to incorporate modern strategies in their business to effectively exploit the growing market demand for luxuries and comforts. This would help the firms to widen their economic surplus. With the rise in the living standard of the individuals in the global economy and a significant increase in the usage of internet media, the demand for smartphones in the contemporary business world has significantly increased. It is highly rational on behalf of the researcher to choose this situation as t he primary issue of the research proposal (Snowdon and Vane 155). This is because when the demand for smartphones in the global market is significantly increasing and therefore, a growth oriented company like, Samsung, should frame efficient business strategies to increase its smartphones sales in the market (Abideen and Saleem 60). Figure 1: Rise in the demand for Smartphones in the global Market (Source: â€Å"AFP†) The above graph shows that in the world market, the demand for smartphones have increased. Considering the smartphone products of Samsung, the essay will focus on the secondary research method to analyze the precise nature of Samsung smartphones in the industry. For conducting this analysis, the researcher would elaborate on the SWOT and Boston Consulting Group (BCG) analysis of the company, in view of the concerned product lines. SWOT Strengths The smartphones produced by Samsung are highly innovative in terms of design and technology. This is a unique strength of the company and helps the organization to maintain its high brand value in the market. With its quality products and good services, as recorded in 2012, the company has managed to generate a profit of 23.845 billion in the global market. The company enjoys a large share of market demand for its products and thus, has the benefit of economies of scale in production. This has helped the company to manufacture products at low costs. Figure 2: Rising Profit of Samsung (Source: â€Å"About Samsung†) As stated in the above graph, the increasing revenue of the company can be efficiently utilized to explore new business opportunities in future. Weaknesses Samsung does not have its own operating system. So, it needs to acquire an operating system from other companies. This in turn increases its cost of production to some extent. The company tries to increase its revenue by focusing on the improvement of all its products. This is not a strategic business decision. Opportunities The company should capture the growing market demand for smartphones in the emerging economies like, India and China. It will be able to obtain more business patents by making new acquisitions. It should take the advantage of the growing mobile advertising business industry. Threats High competition in the smartphone industry, have saturated the market demand of this

Reading response Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 37

Reading response - Essay Example However, the family dwells on Orwell’s misfortune and decides to vacation prior his arrival. The situation leaves him unemployed and poor for a month. Orwell borrows a little amount of money like he did back in Paris through pawning his suit. He spends most of his money quickly through renting beds within overpriced hotels as he is not used to living in cheap ones. Soon after, he joins other homeless people in London and wanders between shelters. Even as the shelters are relatively free, most of them do not accommodate the theme for more than a night. The food served is meager and does not satisfy human consumption (Root 48). While Orwell shares between shelters, filth and hunger are constant accompaniments coupled with the considerations of contemptible majorities in the society. The narrative ends with Orwell organizing for the last loan. The employers are set to return in a week’s time and with little efforts of enduring destitution, he bids farewell to his comrades for a long time rest of their

Linguistics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Linguistics - Essay Example Additionally, it is structural understanding of knowledge and languages in terms of their differences. This can well be explained by, when one is born; one cannot be able to communicate with adults who are surrounding us, using their language. However, by the time we reach the age of six or seven, we are able to produce sounds, sentences, make rhymes, and understand jokes, among other activities. Therefore, one becomes a good speaker, in which we all have experiences that learning a language has never been easy, especially during the first years of our lives, where we accumulated a broad range of knowledge about the language (Fromkin, 2002, Pg 13-15). According to Akmajian (56-58), language speakers seem to have a wide range of knowledge on their languages, either by knowing or without being aware. Some of us possess the language of sounds, for example, consonants. Linguistics therefore, seeks to investigate how this kind of knowledge is acquired, as well as how it interacts with oth er processes mentally. It also investigates how the knowledge varies from one region to another region, from one person to another, in addition to how specific programs in a computer model the knowledge. Additionally, Linguistics also study the language structure like phrases and sound, in terms of how they can be characterized, and how diverse language components interact with others, like meaning and intonation. They also work with people who converse different languages and designs carefully the experiments on how to answer all the questions on language. Clearly, linguistics is considered as a science. Linguists are people who specialize on specific or different languages, whose main goal is to understand the language nature in general. However, the main goal of linguistic study in academics is to increase understanding and knowledge of the world. Akmajian (56-58) claims that language is essential and universal to all human relations, and knowledge acquired has many applications that are practical. Linguists are prepared to find answers to questions like, how a specific language can be written and analyzed, teaching of foreign languages, speech synthesization, computer programming and how the problems of language can be rectified and analyzed. While studying linguistics, one gets to learn many aspects of the language, sounds structure and their physical properties (Fromkin, 2002, Pg 13-15). Question 2 Phonology and Morphology is one of branch of linguistics but can be explained in different ways. Fromkin (13-15) highlights that phonology is organized study of sounds in language. People who study this branch of linguistics are referred to as phonologists and are concerned with sounds that have contrast in a language but not others. For example, Spanish speakers have a problem of ch and sh and people who speak English have trouble pronouncing â€Å"u† in their French words like Wheel and steel they pronounce as roue. On the other hand, morphology is th e study of formation of words. People who study this particular branch studies questions like, extent to ways words are formed, if they are productive or not. For example, they seek to answer questions like why we say words like amusement and arrival, and what determines the words change, like adding er to adjectives when it comes to making comparisons, like pretty becomes prettier, or getting a computer recognize the roots of words to be separated from their affixes like, crawl, crawls, crawling and crawled. Sentence structure, which includes clauses and phrases enables a clear segmentation into sentences, phrases and clauses. The relationship of these structures with each other forms syntax of domain. Fromkin (13-15) claims that this is the same as morphology, where this syntax does not concern what the meaning of

Native American Indians Then and Now Essay Example for Free

Native American Indians Then and Now Essay Native American Indians Native American Indians have not changed much in hundreds of years. The Natives still have the same belief as they did from the beginning of time. They are still forced to live on reserved lands that do not seem livable and are in worse conditions now than ever before. Even though people think due to casinos that the American Indians have it made, the Natives are still being mistreated, many tribes are well below poverty levels, highest in death rates, have the most number of preventable diseases, the highest of teen suicide than anywhere in the Nation. Native American Indians traditions go back to the beginning of time. The Native religion is more about sacred and ceremonies. The Native people do not have a word for religion it is more a way of life to them than a religion. According to one researcher, â€Å"There is not one Native tradition to represent Native religion. Just as there are numerous Christian beliefs the Native people have many different beliefs. The Native ceremonies are so similar that it is impossible to discuss them as one† (Burbar, and Vernon 2006) The Natives have always been connected to the lands. Most of their ceremonies and sacred objects come from the lands and has everything to do with how they feel about them. Native people do not believe they can own the lands that people are merely caretakers of it. The Native believe that the land is a gift from the Creator, put here to give them tools for survival. They believe if they take something from the land that they must give thanks for the gift given. They do this by offering sacred herbs, prayer, and dance. Native American Indians The Native people give each member roles to keep the villages running smoothly. The Native men hunt and protect the village, while the women gather fruits, berries, and keep the camps, the children gathered wood, help clean hides, look after the younger children and clean the camps. One researcher studies tells stories of how some tribes are at certain times in the tribal life. â€Å"On the Northwest coast, young women were taught that the wives of Makah whale hunters must very still in bed while their husbands hunted, since their movement influenced the whale’s behaviors. In a Navajo story Black God had all animals penned up until his wife opened the gate. The animals escaped and thereafter had to be hunted, (Kidwell, 1998). All of this became threatened with the arrival of foreigners. With the foreigners coming and bringing there Christian beliefs the Native traditions were going to be challenged. With the start of the White Mans government the Natives faced having several ceremonial rights taken away for hundreds of years. The Natives were stopped from worshiping in manners they were accustomed. The Natives were forced to worship the Christian belief and if they refused they were put to death or imprisoned. Many of the Native traditional ceremonies were stopped completely. Two of those rights at this time were the Ghost Dance, and the Sun dance. The Natives found ways around this; they would go to places they knew white men would not to have ceremonies that had been band. Due to so many of the Native rights being taken away the Natives formed a group called â€Å"American Indian Movement† (AIM). AIM in the early years was called â€Å"Indian wars†. After fighting the government for several years and fighting for their right to religious freedom President Jimmy Carter signed the American Indian Religious freedom Act, Native American Indians (AIRFA). Burke, and Vernon, 2006), AIRFA was one of the very few times when congress gave the Natives the legislative right to worship in the manner he or she feels fit. (Burke, and Vernon, 2006). After a few more decades of being mistreated and having rights taken and treaties broken Aim reformed again. AIM’s early and best known leaders, Russell Means, Dennis Banks, Clyde and Vernon Bellecourt, these Native men formed together to fight for the rights of all indigenous peoples across the world. According to one research study, the â€Å"Trail of Broken Treaties† was â€Å"AIM’s first national pretest event of the 1970’s. AIM’s best-known and controversial protest action began February 1973 in Wounded Knee, South Dakota, a small town in Pine Ridge Reservation†, (Encyclopedia Race and Racism p. 82) better known now as the â€Å"Siege at Wounded Knee†. The siege lasted 71 days and when it was over several of the AIM members were arrested for causing riots. Many of the AIM leaders spent years in legislation, exile, or prison. One of the best known cases is that of Leonard Peltier. Peltier was imprisoned for killing two FBI agents. Several years later it was proven that Peltier did not receive a fare trial. Much of the evidence was not allowed in court and was suppressed from the jurors. After decades of trying to get Peltier freed from prison he was finally deemed the only American political prisoner in 1984. Peltier is still in prison to this day and the Natives are still fighting for his release. A more resent less known case August 22, 2008 of the Natives not receiving justice is the case of Robert Whirlwind Horse 23 and Calonnie Randall 26. These two Natives was struck and killed by a drunk driver Timothy Hotz while walking on a reservation road. This was Hotz Native American Indians fourth DUI, one year prior Hotz had his third DUI. After striking the Natives Hotz continued to drive home without stopping. The next morning Hotz noticed hair on his bumper and turned him self in to authorities. Mr. Hotz received 51 months for killing the Native men. This infuriated the Natives once again. (Means, Russell, Republic of Lakota 2009, April 22). Another case of a young native boy went to the Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA) and was upset at the justice received over Hotz actions and was outraged. He shot one bullet into the radiator of the BIA agent’s car and received 20 years imprisonment. The Natives are still being forced to live on reservations. The reservations are in such horrendous conditions almost all the reservations are in worse conditions than most third world countries, (Republic of the Lakotah, conditions); According to one Native â€Å"It is like living in Hattie’s†,(Means Russell). The Pine Ridge Reservation in South Dakota is one such reservation. â€Å"The United States Government has not upheld many of it promises to the Lakotah people and the results to this is astonishing†, (Means, Russell, Republic of the Lakotah). Due to the conditions the Lakotah people are forced to live in has caused them to have the highest death rates than anywhere else in the Nation. Reservations across the country are well below the poverty level. (Figure 3 below) The average life span of a Lakotah Male is 44 years. (Figure 1 below) The Lakotah people have the most preventable diseases than anywhere in the nation. Much of the disease could be stopped if the government would allow the Natives have vaccines and medications. The teen suicide rates are the highest of anywhere in the nation.

Continuity and Change in Chinese Nationalist Ideology World War I to Present Essay Example for Free

Continuity and Change in Chinese Nationalist Ideology World War I to Present Essay Since the beginning of the First World War to the present, nationalist ideology within China has caused change and continuity in several aspects of this nation’s society. One major change in China from the First World War to the present is its foreign relations with other countries due to factors such as communism and neocolonialism. Although China has changed in this way, it has remained one united nation despite foreign invasion and other internal/external conflicts. In the early 1900s, China was a state of continual civic and revolutionary unrest. As support for revolutionary efforts began to spread, China shifted from a monarchy to a republic. However, this rule didn’t last long as warlords within the nation began establishing themselves as regional or provincial rulers. This helped lead to the deterioration of Chinese society. Another factor leading away from a centralized state was fragmented relations with foreign powers. Since the 1900s, a network of foreign control over the Chinese economy had been established by the unequal treaties, which effectively prevented economic development within China. These treaties and other concessions permitted foreigners to intervene in Chinese society and not control the state, but impair its sovereignty. After the First World War, nationalism began to develop rapidly in China. China eagerly looked to the U. S. government to support the elimination of the treaty systems and the full restoration of Chinese sovereignty. However, when the U. S. approved increasing Japanese interference in China, this sparked the May Fourth Movement. Chinese people protested Japanese interference and began to re-establish national unity. As China began shifting from a divided sphere of influence to a dominant world power, it also became more influenced by communism. During the Second World War, the majority of concern to combat communism was in the Soviet Union. While this was taking place we, the U. S. , neglected to aid the efforts of Jiang Jieshi, who sought to unify the nation of China and bring the conflicts of nationalism and communism to an end. In his place, Jiang Jieshi leaves behind a void of power. Communist leader, Mao Zedong stepped up to fill this void. He like many other rulers in China used the Mandate of Heaven to justify his rise to power and take control of China. In 1949, Mao started the Red Revolution, a revolutionary effort to spread communism in China. Communism soon overpowered the nationalist party as the main ruling party. Mao also aimed to make China a self-reliant, isolated nation. However in doing so, China could not economically support itself or its communist views. In the 1970s the People’s Republic of China began large, radical economic reforms forcing the country to become one of the most capitalistic nations in the world. China quickly added itself to the global economy by opening its borders to the trade of various nations. China soon became the economic power that it is today and despite all the turmoil that has occurred from the First World War to the present, China has remained one united nation. From the past to the present, the ideology behind Chinese nationalism has been in a constant state of change. The shift in government and foreign relations throughout the world has been a major source of China’s nationalism. Although these foreign relations are constantly changing, China has remained a unified nation.

Activist Reflector Theorist And Pragmatist

Activist Reflector Theorist And Pragmatist Activists engage oneself totally without unfairness in fresh ideals. It makes them passionate concerning everything new. Whiles Theorists adjust and incorporate observe into difficult however reasonably theories. They choose to be perfectionists who will not take it easy until stuff are organised moreover Pragmatists are eager on experimenting ideas, skills and theories to see if that work in practice. They completely look out for new ideas and acquire the first chance toward testing applications. Lastly Reflectors are fond of reserved to deliberate on experiences and examine them from numerous perspectives. They gather information first hand and like to reflect about it carefully prior to conclusion Honey and Mumford (1982). Furthermore, (Smith, 2003) indicates that, majority of people have a preference in relating to participating in, taking in and processing report to permit individuals to learn. People take on diverse learning styles where best allows people to learn more excellent way. So far, there has been a huge test with the aim to change a persons learning style (Sprenger, 2003). Conversely, students and a lot of professionals note down that, learning achieved from practical experience is more meaningful and relevant than that acquired in the lecture room (Quinn 2000). Making certain that, any student that has a good learning outcome, it is imperative that the learning setting is sensibly, competently, and sensitively helpful to everyone learning within it. Clarke et al. (2003) remarks that, nursing training adds high price on knowledge in the clinical environment; the quality of these clinical setting has a considerable influence on learning process for student nursing. Honey and Mumford (1992) talks about four different learning styles; they portray learners as activists, pragmatists, theorists and reflectors. They added that, though lots of individual had two or more learning styles they may also had a one style preference. To guarantee myself a good learning experience on placement, it was essential for me as student nurse to be conscious about all preferred learning style as practice training is crucial element of nursing program. During placement, in discussion with my mentor, it was established that she preferred a more practical experience therefore she favoured a pragmatist approach to learning. I therefore incorporated her preferred learning style into my planned as a student nurse. Morton-Cooper and Palmer (2000) support that though, in placement the mentor acts as a teacher, it is required for a student nurse to mature into the progress of their learning needs. However to the results of the Honey and Mumford learning style questionnaire, I agree to a high reflector mindset. I consent with the greater part of the report of a reflector, which totally describes me. A Reflector is a careful person who prefers to take a back seat in group discussions (Honey and Mumford, 1992). Being less assertive and tending to hold back from participation, I believe that I will work well and learn more efficiently if play around an activist, as one would be able to encourage me to tackle situations via a more straight out approach. This would enhance my participation in group activities and discussions. According to the result of my learning style questionnaire, Honey and Mumford (1992) test says, I am a very attentive person, as this is one of the potentials of a reflector. I totally consent along this because I constantly akin to pay attention to each person in the group attentively. The opportunity of gaining from diverse viewpoint and different angles has help with my findings. Nonetheless, a likely weakness that I have found within me as a reflector is that, I take too long in doing certain duties. For instance, all through my previous assignment, I spent lengthy time to finish it, because my preparation stage took me a long to get ready. I used up a long time in searching for ideas prior to starting my assignment, this may be due to me, being extra careful on how am going to write this assignment. Even though, this brings out my careful mindset, I do not have the same opinion with the report that someone who is reflector does not take risks. I sometimes like to tread out of my ease to experience new things I have never done before to expand my knowledge. For instance, I chose to leave my home and common environment in London to study in Hertfordshire. Kenworthy and Nicklin (2000) comments, the more relaxed and secure a student feels inside the surroundings, there is expectation that successful learning will take place and the student will be encourage towards learning. Moreover, prior to starting this programme for a student nurse, it is essential to know that, at present we have diverse learning theories and styles to think about. Reece and Walker 2003) utter that there has been write down concerning the means in which people learn and many theories on the ways of effectively learning. The talk was that, the key theories are Behaviorism, Cognitive and Humanism. Regarding, the Behaviorism theory, the learning surroundings is essential to knowledge, and if this surroundings is accurate, learning comes as links are done among incentive, reaction and support (Quinn, 2000a). The Cognitive theory indicate learning like an internal procedure that include high order rational actions like remembrance, thoughts, analytic, insight and way of thinking. (Hand 2006). With Humanistic learning theory (Maslow 1968) is based on the faith that human own two basic desires, a call for growth and a call for positive view through others. It also shows as the most holist ic approach because it is interested in the way in which it compel and inspire of a person to learn. (Reece and Walker 2003) support that these theories too relay on largely on the pressure of the surroundings that might hold back or assist the learning path. In addition, it is vital for me to enhance my learning skill as a reflector. I have planned a number of ways to use prior to, through, and following lectures to help me succeed in this programme. As my weaker style is activist, the initial part of my plan is to create opportunities to initiate and to participate and have have fun in group discussion in class. These give me a head up as to situation that will possibly require action without planning in the lectures. (Heath 2001) support that, discovery of learning strategies in union with person learner preferences is key action in keeping and developing the value of learning programme. The improved potential learning opportunity and result gain from such discovery might have a supportive impact on student nurse. Moreover, when I realise my preferred learning style and the teaching style of my mentor in practice is different. I work out an action plan to support myself and to go on to succeed on this programme, I have to support my weaker style to get used to classroom environment by accepting my preferred learning style, though I am Reflector learner. Nevertheless, research establishes that, growing variety of tuition means used have not been connected with an enhancement knowledge result. However, the truth is that, throughout developing studentsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ understanding of their individual learning style, student are enhanced to take charge for their own learning, which improved their learning results (Fritz 2002) Upon reflection, I think learning styles assist me to recognise myself and allow me to identify how to develop myself. With the assessment outcome, I discern and know myself better and have learned from different learning styles. This has thought me why understanding of learning styles is useful to me as a student nurse. Nursing practice Reflects has been positive as the 1980à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s (Jasper 2003). (Johns 1995) indicate the practice of reflection can be use to evaluate, realisation and study through our live experience. (Jasper 2003) too support that reflective practice is another means you can gain knowledge from experience. In terms of training for healthcare professions, it is identified as a fundamental instrument intended for students to build the relations connecting theory and practice. As a student nurse, it is important for me to realise the worth of reflecting upon my experiences in learning to enhance my prospect learning. In a nut shell, all the way through this module, I boast of higher comprehension and important consciousness of different learning styles. I have been confident towards my own prefer learning style; hence enable me toward completely support myself in my weaker style. Understanding learning styles has undoubtedly revealed the force that it can have on me as student nurse. I currently believe that, I am more prepared to incorporate my preferred learning styles into practice. Since this will be real a huge profit to my prospect profession.

The Importance of Grading in Education Essay -- Education Tests

Students entering college for the first time look forward to the numerous tests that they are required to take least of all. Test taking and college are in tandem for many, but some debate that using testing as a grading system should be discontinued in universities. In theory it sounds like a great idea. It would cut back on stress and, more than likely, class time as well. However, stopping testing as a form of grading in universities would be soon regretted. Grading systems are an essential part of any education. Tests insure that that the student is learning what the teaching is teaching and identify areas that may need improving. The results from grading systems also show future employers or schools a glimpse of the kind of worker that a student will be. The numerous lists of positive effects on not only the students but the teachers, and even the university as a whole, outweigh the cons of using testing as a grading system. One of the reasons that grading systems should be required is to ensure that each student has retained the information that is being taught. Diane Ravitch agrees with this statement in her essay â€Å"In Defense of Testing.† Ravitch says, â€Å"They [test] protect us†¦from inept drivers, hazardous products and shoddy professionals.† (139). Ravitch is saying that test as a form of grading help to ensure that each person is knowledgeable in the field that they are in and give people a sense of security when they must put their trust in such professionals. There are many basic classes that are required for each major depending on the university that one attends. It is essential that the information obtained during these courses is kept in case a need arises for it in a future career. If the grading system is taken ... ...o focus solely on that which they are aware of misunderstanding. This saves valuable time for both teacher and student. It also helps employers save money by only hiring those who they know have a history of good work ethics. The arguments against grading systems are bountiful despite the obvious flaws. Test as a grading system in universities should be continued because, although the opposing view brings to light many valid points, discontinuing the current grading system would cause more problem than it would solve. Works Cited Goodman, Paul. â€Å"A Proposal to Abolish Testing.† Forming a Critical Perspective, Ed, Ann Spurlock. 1st. Boston, MA: Pearson Learning Solutions, 2010. 191-193. Print. Ravitch, Diane â€Å"In Defense of Testing.† Forming a Critical Perspective, Ed, Ann Spurlock. 1st. Boston, MA: Pearson Learning Solutions, 2010. 194-195. Print.

Creatine Essay -- essays research papers

Creatine Creatine is one of the primary things an athlete will do to put supplements into their body. These supplements range from protein shakes to illegal anabolic steroids. Some sports supplements are incredibly safe and effective, yet others work for a while and then fizzle out, while others still work well but do more damage than good in the long run. In the past athletes had to turn to such things as anabolic steroids or blood doping (the process of taking out blood and adding oxygen to it and putting it back into your body in order to increase a persons endurance). However, these procedures have many drawbacks. Mainly, they are illegal. An athlete may be suspended from playing their perspective sport for using them. They have many long terms and short term side effects. Many supplements are as simple as packaged energy and others require a strict exercise and eating regimen. I will explore sports supplements focusing on creatine and it's effect on the sport world. The first and most basic sports supplements are protein weight gainers. This normally comes in the form of powder and works best when mixed with milk. The main reason for taking extra protein is to gain weight and muscle mass. In today's athletics, whether it is high school, college, or professional, the athletes are getting bigger, stronger, and faster. Protein works the best when the athlete is on a strict work out regimen. Many sports supplements are a combination of herbs and proteins. A popular supplement of this sort is called "Heat." Heat has many different ingredients in it that allow the athlete to experience more energy by creating more heat. This allows the athletes' body to work more efficiently and therefore work faster, stronger, and longer. This is very important in the sports world because it is becoming harder and harder to compete at an unsupplemented level. Athletes want every advantage that he or she can receive. Now there is a substance that can give an athlete the edge that they desire. One of the most popular and effective sports supplements on the market today is Pure creatine monohydrate. Creatine was first introduced to the US in 1993 by a supplement company called Experimental and Applied Sciences. ... ... Another problem that people may see with creatine is the cost factor. A Creatine supply for a month will average close to forty-five dollars. With the cost of this and other supplements being so high, it seems that the higher class athletes would have an advantage, which causes many critics of creatine (or supplements in general) to deem it unfair. Their case is, athletes of one group should not be permitted to have an advantage over another due to something such as money. In conclusion, Creatine is and can be a very effective supplement for athletes, it doesn't help everyone. Depending on the person and the sport they are participating in creatine's effects can be either positive or negative. Though long term research on the effects of creatine have not been confirmed, as of now the only side effects are diarrhea, nausea, and weight gain. These are outweighed by the increased success that one may have in their strength and performance in sports. Creatine has a positive effect on sports as well as its negative effect, therefore each person should weigh the positive and negative, then make the decision for themselves.

Computers and Family Life :: Technology Essays

Computers and Family Life Computers have had both positive and negative effects on family life. As more and more families are beginning to own there own computers, the effects of computers are becoming more recognized. Negative effects include the separation/isolation of family members, and parents bringing their work home instead of leaving it at work. Linking extended families together is one positive effect that computers have had on family life. Overall computers have had a negative effect on family life. One negative effect of computers on family life is less human contact between family members. In my family, all of us have our own computers that are kept in separate rooms. So if I’m checking my mail on my computer, and my sister is in her room on her computer, we are isolated from each other and cannot talk to each other face to face. This results in less face to face human contact between family members. But just having one computer for a family can still cause less face-to-face contact. If one person is using the computer no one else wants to just sit and do nothing while the computer is being used, so they will go to a different room and each person will end up doing their own thing. Causing less family time, and less human contact within the family. The use of computer games is another thing that has caused less human contact between family members. Before computers were used in the home, if someone wanted to play a game, they usually had to find at least one other family member to play a board game or card game with them. That forced families to send more time talking to each other. Now if someone wants to play a game that requires more than one person, they can just go on the computer and either play online against another person, or they can play against the computer. Playing games on the computer makes in easier to be isolated from physical contact with other family members. Now that you don’t have to ask person in your family to play a game, most families don’t spend as much time talking to each other and learning about each other. Another negative cause that computers have on family life is that many people now bring their work home with them instead of leaving it at work the way they used to.

Why Use a Smart Phone

Why use a smart phone? Why use a smart phone ? Everybody has a cell phone and the majority of us have a smart phone. Smart phone plays an important role in our daily life. You can see whenever in the street or metro, millions of people use smart phone. Why smart phones so popular around the world? I will start my topic now, why use a smart phone? It is universally acknowledged that we can use a smart phone not only chat or text with others but also play games, read books, listen to the music, surf on the internet. Sometimes we can even say that smart phone is a small computer.Obviously, we use smart phone as an entertainment tool. Firstly, smart phone can be used as an audio player. It can provide you the music whenever you want , like everyday in the metro, music is necessary for me. Secondly, a smart phone sometimes can be instead of e-book. Although I think that E-book is popular nowadays, you don’t need to buy it if you have a smart phone. In addition, downloading books in phones instead of buying books in stores also means that you are an environmentally friendly person. Simultaneously, many games are free to access if you are tired from work or study.Finally, smart phones can be used in different ways so in my opinion, using a smart phone as an entertainment tool can make our life becomes simple and colorful. Do smart phones have bad effects on our study? No way! I know that many people have an IPHONE as someone asked last week. For me as an example, I use IPHONE, I have many free apps which is benefit to my study. Cause English is my second language, I have Word a day this app to help me master more English vocabularies and SAT flashcards. I also have Google translate dictionary .Sometimes if you feel it is too complicated to look up the dictionary when you want to understand the word just check on your phone dictionary. In conclusion, smart phone to me is a good study tool. Overall, smart phone is a really great invention right? Sometimes even me think that using phones to surf the internet is incredible. Because I am not major in electronic stuffs and I am not interested in it. I don’t want to do some deeply research about it, but we all know that smart phone is useful and nowadays it becomes really easy to use. We must choose it for no hesitate.

Aristotle the Great Philosopher Essay

Aristotle was angiotensin converting enzyme of the most profound philosophers of each time. He was a pupil of Plato he adapted many of Platos concepts into his let. Aristotle follows in the footsteps of Plato and Socrates theme of taking the virtues to be decisive in a well-lived life. Based on the precise nature, true happicape git be found. In this paper, I allow for discuss Aristotles beliefs of piece well be energised and benevolent expand. Aristotles most powerful work was Nichomachean ethical motive. No one is sort of sure where Nichomachean Ethics originated from they assume it is either, a combination of lecture notes from Aristotle or his students.He relys that e really human action aims at some(prenominal) level-headed e precise human activity aims at some end. He cerebrates that good equals end. Aristotle refers to good as beingness the object of an action. He believes great deal should be goal oriented no discipline if the goal is morally good or bad. Aristotle approximation that human actions are not haphazard, random, gratuitous, and purposeless. Otherwise, theyre relevance is the distinguishing mark of human rationality, as opposed to the instinctive ness of animal conduct or an unplanned sequence of natural events.He believes that worldly concern seek rational miserlys to throw their goals. (Zunjic, Books 1 & 2) Aristotle was born in 384 BCE and after(prenominal) died in 322 BCE. He grew up in Stagirus, which was a miniature classic colony. His find was a physician to King Amyntas of Macedonia. The Macedonia court of law would curve Aristotles life, keenly. Aristotles aim died while he was still a child. His protector, Proxenus, sent him to A indeeds. While in Athens, he became a pupil of Plato he attended Platos lectures for twenty years. He then began to lecture himself, particularly about rhetoric.(Aristotles Biography) After Plato had died, Aristotle may pay got turn the hold uper of the Academy, except his differences in teaching. They gave the leading role to Platos nephew, Seusippus. Aristotle then left everyplace(p) Athens and went to a different court. He married Pythias and then a inadequate while after he travel to the island of Lesbos. Some years later, Aristotle was invited back to Macedonia by the King to tutor the young Alexander. Their conceptions differed, which lead to an interesting relationship. (Aristotles biography) Aristotle taught and managed the Lyceum for dozen years, producing, during this time, his lecture notes.Only a small amount of Aristotles works had survived over the years. Aristotles works included all the major areas of thought logic, science, metaphysics, ethics, and politics. He authentic a new conjecture of fashion that differed from Plato, created a system of deductive footinging for universal and existential statements, and produced a theory of the mankind, takings, life, and mind. (Aristotles Biography) Aristotle expanded his acqu aintance importantly when he analyse under Plato, if his guardian had not sent him to Athens he probably would have never studied under Plato.Though Aristotle learned a lot from Plato, his minds similarly differed greatly, and he was a great thinker all on his possess. Aristotle might not have been the great philosopher that he is without the guidance of Plato. Aristotles focussing of lecturing involved walking close to in in covered walkways, for which reason Aristotle was called Peripatetic meaning walking around. (www. about. com) Greek captivates helped shape what Aristotle believed. His grooming under Plato was in any case a huge influencing factor.He believed that in that respect were only two causes in the universe form and matter form and matter leads to intelligence. Aristotle was a firm believer that education and morality went impart in hand with each another(prenominal). He thought it was the responsibleness of the state to produce well locomote citizens who would lead good lives. The realization of oneself is the important way to reach goodness. Aristotle has been recognized as one of the greatest philosophers of all time. He has had essential time working with other top philosophers of his time. Years after his death, people still learn and adapt his beliefs.Aristotle was a teleologist, meaning, he believed that all existing things have a purpose. Aristotle was way ahead of his time, in his thinking. Many of the ideas he had were completely confuse to others around him. They still take a great deal of thought to cargo deck what he means but it is charge examining. Aristotle believes in instrumental goods and self-sufficient goods. sixfold instrumental goods are needed to touch ourselves they include health, friendship, wealth, knowledge, and virtue. The ancient Greek give voice for virtue is, Arete meaning excellence.The excellence a person demonstrates when acting towards virtue. Virtue, when go for, begins to make us who we are. Aristotle believes that virtue must be practice habitually, so that everyone has the capacity to perfect their own fount. (Aristotle Ethics Podcast 1) He believed that every idea can be traced back to the very beginning. This is known as finite riposte finite, meaning an end, and regress, meaning to trace back. Objects of thought can be traced back to the very beginning many consequences lead to the knowledge of the object of thought.He thought that the idea in your head can be traced back, because the idea in your head is a product of everything else, even what people front had in their head. Once the thought reaches the shoetree stone, you cannot go any farther, showing it has one clear beginning. He does not believe in infinite regress that would mean there would be no outlined order. (Aristotle Ethics Podcast 2) Aristotle was not concerned with his own good but, rather, the good for all humans. He called this good, eudaimonia, meaning rapture. Eudaimonia serves as t he one, utmost self-sufficient good.He did not believe happiness was just a whim he believed it was also a way of living. Many have adapted this idea as human flourishing. Human flourishing involves achievement of excellence. He believes that everyone aims at some good, but different people have different ideas of what good is. The product of the activity should be better than the activity, says Aristotle. The end is the manageable good. (Kessler, 80-87) Aristotles beliefs can be employ to view life today. His ideas of what a good is and how to reach human flourishing influence life today.When examining any thought, it is almost potential to try and trace it back to where it originated. Aristotle showed that everything has a clear beginning and end, and that everyone should try to have a life full of virtues. Aristotles ideas influenced many other philosophers for years after his time. He was a great influence on medieval scholasticism some(prenominal) of the Roman Catholic the ology shows his ideas of teleology. It was also a big influence to biological science but it was banished from physics by the scientific revolution.Aristotle is a firm believer that happiness is the most important thing in life. Ethics was the main topic Aristotle cerebrate on, the difference between what is a sound or wrong, good and evil, rule and virtues, character and vice, success and happiness. Works Cited Aristotle Greek Philosopher Aristotle. About. com quaint / Classical History. N. p. , n. d. Web. 02 Dec. 2012. . Aristotle of Stagirus Biography. Aristotle. N. p. , n. d. Web. 29 Nov. 2012. .Flip4Learning. Aristotles Ethics (Part One). YouTube. YouTube, 04 Mar. 2012. Web. 03 Dec. 2012. . Flip4Learning. Aristotles Ethics (Part Two). YouTube. YouTube, 04 Mar. 2012. Web. 03 Dec. 2012. . Nicomachean Ethics. Nicomachean Ethics. N. p. , n. d. Web. 29 Nov. 2012. . Kessler, Gary E. Voices of wiseness A Multicultural Philosophy Reader. Belmont, CA Wadsworth, 2010. Print.

Cici’s Pizza Research Paper Essay

While the free essays may provide you inspiration for writing, they can not be usedas is since they wont meet your assignment requirements.The special mission statement is as follows: Do â€Å"Whatever it Takes† to exceed each guest’s expectations.Background CiCi’s Enterprise is an American style buffet restaurant chain based in Coppell, Texas. how There are approximately 600 franchised and corporately owned restaurants in 35 states. The company was founded in 1985 in Plano, Texas by Joe Croce and Mike Cole.An argumentative first essay is among the many academic essay types.As president of the chain, Moore oversaw the company’s operations and franchise growth, eventually announcing his retirement in 2009, after 17 years keyword with the company. Michael Shumsky took over after Moore retired in late 2009. He had previously served as CEO of La Madeleine Restaurant, Inc. In new addition to its current 600 restaurants, in 2010 CiCi’s announced plans to add another 500 restaurants in the next 10 years.

Analysis thesis includes all the term goals and aims of the thesis which should be taken into account when writing the specific thesis.Environmental AnalysisSWOT The strengths of CiCi’s pizza make it one of the best in the industry. It offers a unique buffet experience with so many pizza varieties. Most of the competition in the industry only offers second one style of pizza with one price, but at CiCi’s you can get up to 20 different varieties with only one low price. If you don’t want to sit in the family oriented restaurant with the best customer service and eat then you have the option to order take out.Research is a kind of research conducted.Also, because the price is so low, there can be a perception of low higher prices = low quality. The one other thing that is holding CiCi’s back from being in the top five is that there is 15 states in the US that so not have a CiCi’s in them.Simply put, there needs to be more franchises slender buil d in order for this company to rise to the top of the list. (JMC Restaurant Distribution INC.

As an example, let us look at a few of the pizzas Pizza Hut has promoted.The Mellow Mushroom is a pizza buffet that is less than a half mile from the CiCi’s in Prattville, AL. Mellow Mushroom offers similar services but at a higher price. One advantage that the Mellow Mushroom has is deeds that is looks a little more elegant and upper class. People who are looking for more formal dinner experience would be likely to go to Mellow Mushroom.Last, it has always valued satisfaction and customer support.All these companies are within a 20 mile radius.In a lucrative market like the pizza one, the more competitors the better the customer service because it is so competitive. Market Analysis The pizza market can be very lucrative, therefore it is very competitive. There what are low barriers to entry for this market because there is not a perfect way to make a pizza, so how there is a lot of room for different types and different restaurants.

The way to guard yourself would be to do your homework.According to â€Å"Pizza Power†, PMQ magazine’s (Pizza Marketing Quarterly) Annual Industry Analysis, of the 67,554 pizza stores in the US, 59% are independently owned and control 51% of total pizza sales. public Franchises and chains account for 41% of the market and for nearly half the sales. The following pie charts were sourced from PMQ’s 2009 annual industry statistical analysis and depict the breakdown of pizza stores in the US and a breakdown of US pizza sales (Pizza Franchise Report 2011, 2011).CiCi’s pizza is included into the other very top chains 15%.Moreover, its crucial for a student to understand sides of an argument.This is compared to only 7% of those aged over 65 eating at least one pizza per month. Pizza also proved popular with parents. About 20% of the parents surveyed said that they purchase pizza more than three times per month, compared to 12% of adults with no children (Pi zza Franchise Report 2011, 2011). This customer group covers much of the target market for CiCi’s pizza.

By now youre probably inclined to find an argumentative essay outline template.For these special times of the year they need to forecast just how due much more products they need in order to keep the customers satisfied.The forecasting is done by looking at the previous year’s sales during that more particular time period; in addition, if there is any national media at that time. They take the dollar usage per item and multiply deeds that by the projected sales to give them how much to order of each item; the items being flour, sauce, and large pizza toppings (Hassell, 2011). Demand Forecasting cannot be done before there is a proper count of the inventory.Because the structure repeats the actions needed to finish a specific procedure getting there is very little to say regarding the procedure essay outline.The company as a whole tries to keep food cost percentages at 28% or lower, with labor cost of 18. 5% or lower (Hassell, 2011). Once the forecasting is done, then it is time to place the order. CiCi’s uses an online order management system called ESOS (Exhibition & Sponsorship Ordering System).

Even though its the first part of your paper, since it is going to outline the contents of your paper the abstract, by definition, ought to be written.CiCi’s has become such a powerful force in the pizza industry partly because of attention to detail in the transportation channel. They own their own transportation service.JMC restaurant distribution Inc. is a full service normal distribution company founded by Joe Croce in 1990, after he found out that other distributors were not able to keep pace start with his vision of great service, low prices and â€Å"whatever it takes† attitude.Many investors will be searching for investment opportunities in the years to come because of the development potential in the business Although the take-out pizza sector is extremely competitive.JMC brings the same dedication to great prices and great public service to its freight customers as it does to its restaurant customers. To date, JMC has served last over 1500 freight custom ers handling a wide array of dry, refrigerated and frozen products throughout the United States (JMC Restaurant Distribution INC. , 2011).Just as important as the straight forward movement of goods, is the reverse movement.

Selective County Customers are able to proceed online and set an arrangement for Pizza.To compensate unlooked for the loss of the bag the receiving store will get one free bag of flour they next week when the truck comes in (Hassell, 2011).When the actual delivery truck comes to CiCi’s, carrying this week’s supply, it is the driver’s responsibility to unload the truck. The employees at the restaurant do not help start with unloading. It takes about 45 minutes to completely get all the products off the truck and into the store (Hassell, 2011).Qualified for.Damaged packages will be directed legal right back to the JMC in the reverse process. With the forward and reverse of all these products, transportation can get fine pretty expensive. The facility locations are very important because of this. CiCi’s has a total of three distribution facilities that are strategically placed.

A job cited entry has to be contained at the close of the essay.(JMC Restaurant Distribution INC. , 2011) That is where the CiCi’s in Prattville Alabama gets all of its products. Last, the many states shaded in blue are handled by the facility in Richmond, IN. All the facility locations were made with the main roads, possible traffic, and distance in mind.Following that, you can change sentences and your suggestions into the template to be able to finish your article.â€Å"Hi, welcome to CiCi’s! † is the phrase that every employee must memorize and say to every customer that comes into the restaurant. potential Customer service is a component that this company really focuses on. On the website they have a list of guest promises that they stand by. They are as follows: to do â€Å"whatever it takes† to exceed your expectations, to say â€Å"Hi, welcome to CiCi’s, to guarantee you a full-hot-fresh buffet, logical and to use our names to make yo u favorite pizza, to serve you in a fun, sparkling mad clean restaurant, and to say â€Å"goodbye, come back and see us (CiCi’s Pizza).

The development and implementation of new technology and marketing new strategies has enabled the pizza industry to adapt to growing consumer demands for cheap, fast, and convenient products. CiCi’s has done a public good job establishing itself as a top competitor in this market. In order for CiCi’s to compete with the top pizza franchises in the market, such as Pizza Hut, they need to get more creative. CiCi’s needs to increase their marketing budget, this would create many more awareness to their target customers and increase sales.This great company has expanded from one restaurant in Plano, Texas to over 600 in 35 states in 25 years.That is a great accomplishment, and they are not done yet. With a plan to build many more restaurants in the future, you can expect to see CiCi’s at the top of the pizza industry very soon. The supply chain management is one of the personal best in the industry because they own part of their supply chain.Retrieved No vember 30, 2011, from wikipedia. com: http://en. wikipedia.org/wiki/CiCi’s_Pizza JMC Restaurant Distribution INC.html Pizza Franchise Report 2011. (2011).Retrieved late November 24, 2011, from Franchisedirect. com: http://www.