The Influence of Technology on Contemporary Photographic Media Essay

The Influence of Technology on Contemporary Photographic Media Practice - Essay Example The emergence of such technologies as laptops, cell phones and digital cameras transforms the nature of media practices and opens new possibilities for 'citizen journalism' (Gillmor 2006). An average citizen receives a chance to publish unique videos and photographs on line neglecting strict censorship rules and privacy concerns. The problem is that "the production values of the image are hardly professional. What does matter is the utter authenticity of the image, made so by the fact that the man was there at the right time with the right media-creation gear" (Gillmor 2006). Following Bowman and Willis, people are not passive consumers at the mercy of technological instruments but active users of different technologies and mediums. Just because the average television is switched on for several hours a day does not mean it is being avidly watched (Peterson 87). Gillmor (2006) and Bowman and Willis (2003) call this process 'we media' underlining an increasing role of citizens in news creations. "Everything from eyewitness accounts and photo galleries to commentary and personal storytelling emerged to help people collectively grasp the confusion, anger and loss felt in the wake of the tragedy" (Bowman and Willis 7-8). Individual sites and blogs tend to focus on what a person wants to tell the visitor rather than responding to the visitor's requirements. Typical of this category is a focus on the way in which the blog is structured, photographic facilities and details. Audience-centric sites reflect the fact that many types of visitor will use the site and that their needs may be very different. A brief visit to a site of this type will give a clear picture of why it was constructed and which audiences are being targeted. Rosenblum (1997) underlines that new technologies allow an average citizen to manipulation public opinion and produce fals e images of news and public figures. This can lead to negative perception of journalism and photography in general (Peterson 87). Technology such as the video machine can also allow audiences to take more control over their viewing practices and shared video-watching can be used as a social event in itself. It can also be a way of gaining access to cultural resources unavailable on mainstream programming (or only shown unsociably late at night). Following Bowman and Willis (2003) "From a participatory journalism perspective, P2P [person-to-person] has enormous potential to distribute the content created by digital amateurs. One example is the recent emergence of P2P photo-sharing software programs" (31). Thus, interest in the use of media technologies and the process of consumption also opens up new questions about power, not the power of the media per se, but the social power structures within which consumption is embedded (Rosenblum 569). Web blogs and web sites are designed to gain a tangible advantage. While the nature of the WWW site gives an insight into the way the audience intends to use the Internet i t is only a snapshot of how far the strategy has evolved. The visual attractiveness of the site will still be important but the main concentration is on the quality of the content and facilities it provides (Peterson 87). The other problem is many amateurs do not want to be paid sharing unique images and photos for

Explain how the management practices of planning, leading, organizing, Essay

Explain how the management practices of planning, leading, organizing, staffing, and controlling are implemented in your place o - Essay Example Leading – is the process where all the organizations resources, including manpower, are effectively led towards the fulfillment of the stated objective. It includes motivating the people to optimize their performances. Organizing – determines the tasks that need to be done to achieve the stated objectives and goals. The organization’s structure is also defined at this stage where functions can be effectively dispensed and to establish who decides what. Staffing - is the stage or process of determining the personnel who can do the job best. It also involves the determination of how many people are required for a task to be accomplished. Controlling – is the tool where management can measure its actual performance compared to the intended plan. Through controlling, management is enabled to apply corrective measure if there is a deviation in performance vis-a-vis intended plan. II. How are these principles implemented in the workplace? I used to work in a sta rt up fast food chain and was involved in setting up of its new branch. I was a new employee and was assigned to tag along the branch manager and was asked to perform as a support system to the setting up of the new branch. My functions then are not clearly defined as I was involved in almost all aspect of the business but it gave me an insight on the different aspect of management. It gave me an idea that running a business is both a science and art where there are principles that needs to implemented and also tools to be used for the successful management of a business enterprise. The first stage: Planning Before going to the actual site, and doing anything the manager first planned on what to do and how do we intend to things. From what I recall, the objectives must be first established as a core part of planning. In our case, the first and most important objective is to make the store operational in three months within a specified budget. Schedules were then established along wi th commensurate tasks that need to be performed for the objective to be realized. Management tools were employed such as the Gantt chart, Program Evaluation and Review Technique (PERT) and Critical Path Method (CPM) to ensure that everything will go on schedule to realize the objective of opening the store in three months (Gomez-Mejia, 2002). The planning stage took a while because it involved several studies to determine on how some functions can be done with a smaller budget and shorter period of time. Example for this is the consideration on how the physical be set up at a lesser cost. Leading When the objectives were already clearly defined and the tasks needed to accomplish were already enumerated, the Branch Manager, has to pull its human resources together and direct our efforts and energy towards the fulfillment of tasks on schedule. In addition of clearly defining what needs to be done in a specific time-frame to accomplish our objectives, the Branch Manager also motivated his people by giving favorable write-ups and small incentives if we accomplish tasks within the stated time-frame (Gray, 2008). Organizing After defining the tasks involved on how to accomplish our objective, tasks were then specifically assigned to each employee where we are responsible for its completion. Task varies after the completion of each task and is usually time bound. The branch manager had to check time to time to ensure that each one of us is within schedule and that there is no duplication of work to

Personal reflexion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Personal reflexion - Essay Example He told me that laboratory findings should not be mentioned in the history which should rather focus on what the patient tells us. He guided me that dehydration in children was checked on the abdomen rather than forehead. The teacher was very helpful and encouraged me along with telling me never to hesitate. He motivated me to work on patients alone and not to hesitate. I would definitely teach as a doctor if I come across a group of students who are new and find it difficult to work alone on patients. I learned from my experience that new students should never be criticized especially in front of the patients because it makes them loose confidence and they then find it difficult to go up to patients alone and learn. Q.2.Describe one example from your medical training when you received feedback on an aspect of your performance. Explain how that feedback altered your subsequent practice. How will you use this experience to develop a specific aspect of your foundation training? Answer: When our clinical training in the surgery ward started we were taught how to perform examination on patients suffering from hernia and in the next training session I was called forward to conduct the examination on the other patient. I performed all the steps required and checked the hernia and I presented the diagnosis that it was a case of direct inguinal hernia. The teacher approved of my confidence but he told me that I had missed on a few examination points including the ring occlusion test and I had actually confused an indirect inguinal hernia with a direct one. From this experience I learned that being doctors we should be very careful while presenting our diagnosis. All tests and examinations should always be performed before reaching to a conclusion. I will always be very careful during my foundation training not to repeat any such mistake and be careful enough to perform

Blaw Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Blaw - Essay Example If Stanford’s advertising only consisted of some form of multimedia, then slander would apply. If, however, Stanford used a written form to advertise then Cornell could sue for libel. In order to prove their case, Cornell would have to have proof that Stanford’s claims are false. The most obvious form of proof is that Cornell actually tests its software and does not have their customers do so. Also, a third party would usually have to testify that they heard or saw the false advertising. Since this advertising was meant for the public, anyone could act as a witness. Finally, Cornell would also have to prove that Stanford false actions have directly led to Cornell losing sales to Stanford. This last part would be difficult to prove, as there may be other factors for Cornell losing sales to Stanford, but if found guilty then Stanford would likely have to pay damages to Cornell. 2. In order Flo to recover damages from Dan, he must show that it was Dan’s responsibility to look after his truck. Then Flo must prove that Dan failed to uphold his duty by not setting the parking brake when making a delivery. Next, Flo must show that by Dan not setting the parking brake, his truck caused a chain of events that eventually ended in Flo receiving injuries from the falling crane. If Flo can prove that he did not get injured through any actions of his own, then the only other alternative is the falling truck, which fell due to a burned wall, which caught on fire due to the gas station pump, which only burst due to the truck crashing into it. The onus is on Flo to prove that each of these small events was influenced by the other and that Dan is ultimately responsible for every incident that occurred as a result of him not setting the parking brake on his truck. Whether Dan intended to leave the parking brake off is not in question, only if his actions caused Floà ¢â‚¬â„¢s injuries. Because Dan was a representative of EZ Delivery Company, Flo can ultimately

An Investigation into the Role of European Central Bank (ECB) in Assignment - 1

An Investigation into the Role of European Central Bank (ECB) in Conducting Monetary Policy for the Euro Zone - Assignment Example A number of measures are present and could be implemented by European Central Bank. However, care has to be taken so as to avoid market disappointment as well as panic among investors. Monaghan proposes six monetary policy measures that can be implemented to save the Euro. First is Banking license, which would involve ECB granting a banking license for the European region permanent bailout fund. If this is implemented it would make it possible for ESM to borrow from the central bank and in so doing become a lender of last resort and help those countries in difficulties but which are essentially solvent. Morrison argues that Banking license could be a way out in cases of credit difficulty but the impacts on the recipients could be disastrous in the long run and thus be making it less favorable as a method of saving the Euro. The second measure is bond purchases which could happen by ECB buying bonds and this must be done on a large scale in order to make the desired impact and bring the costs of borrowing down. ECB has done in the past with minimal results being achieved. Scholars argue that the only way to ensure that the problem does not recur is to ensure that th e bond buying is made permanent and unlimited so as to have an impact on the Euro. The third measure is quantitative easing which would be done such that ECB would buy bonds across the region with funds that are newly created thus causing a monetary stimulus. Lenza argues that there are a number of monetary measures for exceptional times and quantitative easing is a good measure to save the Euro at this time. The fourth measure is a liquidity boost in order to allow more money to circulate in the economy. This as a measure is only good in the short term as increased liquidity could lead to inflation and thus care has to be taken while using this approach.

Pizza dominos Essay Example for Free

Pizza dominos Essay 1. What obstacles Pizza Hut faces when contemplating its entry to the delivery market? Do these obstacles differ across franchised and corporate outlets? Should Pizza Hut enter the home delivery market? 2. Compare performance measures and the strategies and of Pizza Hut and Domino’s? How does the structure of each chain reflect its strategy? 3. Does Domino’s supply chain support its brand and its overall strategy? Does it provide a competitive advantage? How? 4. Should Domino’s attempt to expand its supply chain internationally? Case Questions – Pizza Hut and Domino’s Pizza. 1. What obstacles Pizza Hut faces when contemplating its entry to the delivery market? Do these obstacles differ across franchised and corporate outlets? Should Pizza Hut enter the home delivery market? 2. Compare performance measures and the strategies and of Pizza Hut and Domino’s? How does the structure of each chain reflect its strategy? 3. Does Domino’s supply chain support its brand and its overall strategy? Does it provide a competitive advantage? How? 4. Should Domino’s attempt to expand its supply chain internationally? Case Questions – Pizza Hut and Domino’s Pizza. 1. What obstacles Pizza Hut faces when contemplating its entry to the delivery market? Do these obstacles differ across franchised and corporate outlets? Should Pizza Hut enter the home delivery market? 2. Compare performance measures and the strategies and of Pizza Hut and Domino’s? How does the structure of each chain reflect its strategy? 3. Does Domino’s supply chain support its brand and its overall strategy? Does it provide a competitive advantage? How? 4. Should Domino’s attempt to expand its supply chain internationally? Case Questions – Pizza Hut and Domino’s Pizza. 1. What obstacles Pizza Hut faces when contemplating its entry to the delivery market? Do these obstacles differ across franchised and corporate outlets? Should Pizza Hut enter the home delivery market? 2. Compare performance measures and the strategies and of Pizza Hut and Domino’s? How does the structure of each chain reflect its strategy? 3. Does Domino’s supply chain support its brand and its overall strategy? Does it provide a competitive advantage? How? 4. Should Domino’s attempt to expand its supply chain internationally? Case Questions – Pizza Hut and Domino’s Pizza. 1. What obstacles Pizza Hut faces when contemplating its entry to the delivery market? Do these obstacles differ across franchised and corporate outlets? Should Pizza Hut enter the home delivery market? 2. Compare performance measures and the strategies and of Pizza Hut and Domino’s? How does the structure of each chain reflect its strategy? 3. Does Domino’s supply chain support its brand and its overall strategy? Does it provide a competitive advantage? How? 4. Should Domino’s attempt to expand its supply chain internationally? Case Questions – Pizza Hut and Domino’s Pizza. 1. What obstacles Pizza Hut faces when contemplating its entry to the delivery market? Do these obstacles differ across franchised and corporate outlets? Should Pizza Hut enter the home delivery market? 2. Compare performance measures and the strategies and of Pizza Hut and Domino’s? How does the structure of each chain reflect its strategy? 3. Does Domino’s supply chain support its brand and its overall strategy? Does it provide a competitive advantage? How? 4. Should Domino’s attempt to expand its supply chain internationally? Case Questions – Pizza Hut and Domino’s Pizza. 1. What obstacles Pizza Hut faces when contemplating its entry to the delivery market? Do these obstacles differ across franchised and corporate outlets? Should Pizza Hut enter the home delivery market? 2. Compare performance measures and the strategies and of Pizza Hut and Domino’s? How does the structure of each chain reflect its strategy? 3. Does Domino’s supply chain support its brand and its overall strategy? Does it provide a competitive advantage? How? 4. Should Domino’s attempt to expand its supply chain internationally? Case Questions – Pizza Hut and Domino’s Pizza. 1. What obstacles Pizza Hut faces when contemplating its entry to the delivery market? Do these obstacles differ across franchised and corporate outlets? Should Pizza Hut enter the home delivery market? 2. Compare performance measures and the strategies and of Pizza Hut and Domino’s? How does the structure of each chain reflect its strategy? 3. Does Domino’s supply chain support its brand and its overall strategy? Does it provide a competitive advantage? How? 4. Should Domino’s attempt to expand its supply chain internationally? Case Questions – Pizza Hut and Domino’s Pizza. 1. What obstacles Pizza Hut faces when contemplating its entry to the delivery market? Do these obstacles differ across franchised and corporate outlets? Should Pizza Hut enter the home delivery market? 2. Compare performance measures and the strategies and of Pizza Hut and Domino’s? How does the structure of each chain reflect its strategy? 3. Does Domino’s supply chain support its brand and its overall strategy? Does it provide a competitive advantage? How? 4. Should Domino’s attempt to expand its supply chain internationally? Case Questions – Pizza Hut and Domino’s Pizza. 1. What obstacles Pizza Hut faces when contemplating its entry to the delivery market? Do these obstacles differ across franchised and corporate outlets? Should Pizza Hut enter the home delivery market? 2. Compare performance measures and the strategies and of Pizza Hut and Domino’s? How does the structure of each chain reflect its strategy? 3. Does Domino’s supply chain support its brand and its overall strategy? Does it provide a competitive advantage? How? 4. Should Domino’s attempt to expand its supply chain internationally? Case Questions – Pizza Hut and Domino’s Pizza 1. What obstacles Pizza Hut faces when contemplating its entry to the delivery market? Do these obstacles differ across franchised and corporate outlets? Should Pizza Hut enter the home delivery market? 2. Compare performance measures and the strategies and of Pizza Hut and Domino’s? How does the structure of each chain reflect its strategy? 3. Does Domino’s supply chain support its brand and its overall strategy? Does it provide a competitive advantage? How? 4. Should Domino’s attempt to expand its supply chain internationally? Case Questions – Pizza Hut and Domino’s Pizza. 1. What obstacles Pizza Hut faces when contemplating its entry to the delivery market? Do these obstacles differ across franchised and corporate outlets? Should Pizza Hut enter the home delivery market? 2. Compare performance measures and the strategies and of Pizza Hut and Domino’s? How does the structure of each chain reflect its strategy? 3. Does Domino’s supply chain support its brand and its overall strategy? Does it provide a competitive advantage? How? 4. Should Domino’s attempt to expand its supply chain internationally?

Analysis of Lidls Marketing Strategy | 7Ps, SWOT

Analysis of Lidls Marketing Strategy | 7Ps, SWOT Introduction Lidls history begins in the 1930s, when their first store was created in Germany acting as a grocery wholesaler. Since then, Lidl has now become one of the largest grocery retailers in Europe, with over 600 stores operating in the UK, and thousands based across Europe (Butler, 2014). Although the amount of stores that Lidl have in operation is staggering, it is made even more amazing by the fact they only expanded out of Germany 20 years ago (Lidl, 2015). This rapid expansion has made them one of the most dominant and feared competitors in the UK grocery market, with major grocery retailers constantly trying to minimise Lidls portion of market share. Although Lidls market share in the UK is still relatively small, with them acquiring 3.5% at the beginning of 2015, they are one of the fastest growing grocery retailers. Whilst many supermarkets are losing their market share, Lidls was increased by a stagger 15.1% from 3.1% to 3.5% (FT, 2015). Figure 1 highlights the variation in market share, and how much market share each supermarket currently holds. As previously mentioned, although Lidl have a relatively low market share, they are currently one of the fastest growing retailers in the market. An analysis of Lidls current marketing strategy will be conducted, with particular emphasis on the 7 Ps of marketing. Furthermore, Porters Generic Strategies will be analysed in order to aid in the understanding of Lidls current strategies. This will then be concluded with a SWOT analysis, with recommendations being drawn up via the utilisation of a TOWS matrix. Marketing Strategy Analysis The five core concepts of marketing are; consumer needs/wants/demands, products and services, value/satisfaction/quality, exchanges/transactions/relationships and markets (Kotler, et al., 2008). One of the most efficient ways to analyse these factors is to conduct a marketing strategy analysis, which looks to explore the strategies an organisation utilises in order to grow and expand their market share. 7 Ps Analysis In order to successfully analyse Lidl marketing strategy, a 7 Ps analysis can be conducted, which seeks to analyse some very basic, but significant issues. Originally, the 7 Ps was only comprised of 4 Ps which aimed to address certain issues that would allow a firm to have a more developed understanding of their internal operations. The 4Ps are comprised of; product, price, place and promotion (CIM, 2009). However, due to the limited applicability of the 4 Ps, three more were added to form the 7Ps, which aims to encompass some service qualities the 4 Ps do not cover (Booms Bitner, 1981; Lusch, et al., 2007). Product (Quality, brand name, service line, warranty, capabilities, facilitating goods, tangible clues, price, personnel, physical environment and process of service delivery): Very solid brand name from being one of the cheapest supermarket retailers in the industry. Their main competition as a value supermarket is Aldi (Bosshart, 2006). The products sold in Lidl are often very similar to the goods sold in other supermarkets, such as Tesco or Asda. However, the main distinction would be the different brand names of the products in Lidl stores. Consumers could have a negative perception of the quality of Lidls products as they are sold for such a cheap price (Siro, et al., 2008). Price (Level, discounts and allowances, payment terms, customers own perceived value, quality/price interaction and differentiation): One of the key competitive advantages for Lidl is their clever pricing strategies. Lidl entered the market on the basis of being one of the most value-driven supermarkets in the industry (Dolgui Proth, 2010). All payments are made up before leaving the store at the check outs. As they offer goods at an incredibly cheap price, consumers may believe that the goods they sell are poor quality, however this is generally not the case (Siro, et al., 2008). Place (Location, accessibility, distribution channels and distribution coverage): Lidl have a plethora of stores across the UK and Europe. However, depending on the country, they operate in different segments of the supermarket industry, ranging from value to high-end goods (Butler, 2014). They have a variety of distribution hubs across the UK and Europe to ensure that stores are maintaining a constant level of stock (Brown, 2015). As their business model is to sell as many goods as possible in the shortest amount of time, ensuring stock levels are maintained is incredibly important. This means that it is imperative to have stores in reasonably close proximity to national distribution centres. Promotion (Advertisements, personal selling, sales promotion, publicity, personnel, physical environment, facilitating goods, tangible clues and process of service delivery): Lidl do not current have any loyalty schemes present in the UK, as they believe their pricing model is enough to incentivise consumers. Lidl often have in store promotions, but they do not discount their goods as highly as other retailers due to the low prices that already exist. People (Personnel training, discretion, commitment, incentives, appearance, interpersonal behaviour, attitudes and customer behaviour/degree of involvement): Employees are generally paid a very attractive salary, but have to work incredibly hard whilst on the job. The amount of items scanned is often used as a performance measurement indicator (Ruddick, 2015). High training standards to ensure employees can scan items fast enough and meet all customer needs. Consumers may feel that staff do not pay them enough attention as they are very rushed doing their job responsibilities. Process (Policies, procedures, mechanisation, employee discretion, customer involvement, customer direction and flow of activities): Primary process of Lidl is to purchase and sell as many goods as possible on a low-cost basis. Consumers are not very involved in any of the processes or procedures of Lidl, and would have little power over their business operations. Physical (Environment, furnishings, colour, layout, noise level, facilitating goods and tangible clues): The majority of Lidl stores are laid out in a very linear and traditional manner. This is to aid consumers in finding their goods as soon as possible and having easy access to purchase and leave (Lidl, 2015). Lidl will often exhibit their brand colours, yellow and blue, throughout their stores or surrounding areas. This will help consumers know there is a Lidl nearby. Porters Generic Strategies Porter outlines four generic strategies; differentiation, cost leadership, differentiation focus and cost focus (Porter, 1980). From utilising the information gathered from the 7 Ps analysis, it becomes quickly apparent as to what strategy Lidl are currently pursuing. Lidl have a reliant focus on selling quality products at the cheapest cost possible. This would suggest that they are utilising a cost leadership strategy, and are implemented it with incredible effectiveness (Morschett, et al., 2006). However, in order to maintain their current rate of growth and expansion, Lidl may have to diversify from their current strategies in order to stay competitive and innovative within the UK grocery market. SWOT Analysis Based on the 7 Ps analysis, a SWOT analysis can be conducted in regards to Lidl. The SWOT analysis will help an organisation measure and understand the internal strengths and weaknesses, and the external opportunities and threats facing the firm. Being able to identify these elements will help an organisation to formulate and develop strategies which may build on the strengths, negate the weaknesses, exploit the opportunities or counter the threats (Dyson, 2004). Strengths (Simon, et al., 2010; Kumar Steenkamp, 2007): Strong business structure allows them to sell their products at an incredibly cheap price. Wide range of private labels gives them exclusivity and security. Has a huge amount of stores across the whole of the UK and Europe giving Lidl great exposure. Online presence that showcases the products they have and any deals they may be running. Weaknesses (FT, 2015; Siro, et al., 2008): Does not quite have the market share of the other big supermarkets in the UK, such as Tesco or Asda. Has not been able to spread their operations outside of Europe very successfully. As their products are so cheap consumers can often think that the quality is not good enough. Opportunities (Felsted, 2014): Potential to expand in the UK and acquire a higher share of the UK grocery market. Successfully expanding abroad can provide more funds to invest in the UK. Expand their website to actually accept orders and sell products. Threats (Poulter, 2014): If Lidl were to engage with a price war with other major grocery retailers then they could force competitors prices down. International expansion of other global brands would cause more competition. Aldi surpassing their market share and becoming the dominant discount grocery retailer. Recommendations Together with the SWOT analysis, a TOWS matrix can be utilised in order to develop strategies and recommendations for Lidl to acquire a greater market share of the UK grocery industry (Weihrich, 1982). Based on the TOWS matrix, and the analysis of Lidls current market strategies, three recommendations can be laid that would help Lidl acquire a greater share of the UK grocery market. The three recommendations are; Extend the usability of their website to accept click collect orders or even delivery. This would expand their presence in the UK market. Develop and implement upper-class branded products in order to target a new demographic and compete with the major supermarket retailers on a more even environment. Construct firm barriers of entry to deter other organisations from entering the UK grocery market and potentially encroaching on Lidls market share. In order to stay competitive in the UK grocery industry, and continue to build upon their UK market share, Lidl should utilise the aforementioned strategies. Furthermore, this could result in them following a combination of generic strategies, as the introducing of upper-class brands, in combination with their current business structure, would suggest a differentiation strategy is in place. However, if Lidl pursue the adoption of other strategies, they must ensure that their current consumer base is not alienated, or they could end up losing market share. Furthermore, Lidl should continue to open more stores in the UK in order to expand their presence and accessibility, which will allow their operations to have similar exposure to the other major supermarket retailers. Bibliography Booms, B. H. Bitner, M. J., 1981. Marketing strategies and organization structures for service firms. In: Marketing of Services. Chicago: American Marketing Association, pp. 47-51. Bosshart, D., 2006. Cheap?: The Real Cost of Living in a Low Price, Low Wage World. London: Kogan Page Limited. Brown, G., 2015. Giant Lidl distribution hub to create 500 West Midlands jobs. [Online] Available at:Â  http://www.birminghampost.co.uk/business/business-news/giant-lidl-distribution-hub-create-8883111 Butler, S., 2014. http://www.theguardian.com/business/2014/jun/27/lidl-launches-store-expansion-programme. [Online] Available at:Â  http://www.theguardian.com/business/2014/jun/27/lidl-launches-store-expansion-programme CIM, 2009. Marketing and the 7Ps, s.l.: Chartered Institute of Marketing. Dolgui, A. Proth, J. M., 2010. Pricing strategies and models. Annual Reviews in Control, 34(1), pp. 101-110. Dyson, R. G., 2004. Strategic development and SWOT analysis at the University of Warwick. European Journal of Operational Research, Volume 152, pp. 631-640. Felsted, A., 2014. Lidl expansion to crank up pressure on big stores. [Online] Available at:Â  http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/2465c426-fd53-11e3-bc93-00144feab7de.html#axzz3giD80B9c FT, 2015. Half of UK shoppers visited Lidl, Aldi over Xmas. [Online] Available at:Â  http://www.ft.com/fastft/260632/half-of-uk-shoppers-visited-lidl-aldi-over-xmas Kotler, P., Armstrong, G. Saunders, J., 2008. Principles of Marketing. 5th ed. s.l.:Prentice Hall. Kumar, N. Steenkamp, J. B. E. M., 2007. Private Label Strategy: How to Meet the Store Brand Challenge. Cambridge: Harvard Business Press. Lidl, 2015. Customer orientated expansion. [Online] Available at:Â  http://property.lidl.co.uk/cps/rde/xchg/lidl_uk/hs.xsl/5187.htm Lidl, 2015. http://www.lidl.co.uk/en/659.htm. [Online] Available at:Â  http://www.lidl.co.uk/en/659.htm Lusch, R. F., Vargo, S. L. OBrien, M., 2007. Competing through service: Insights from service-dominant logic. Journal of Retailing, 83(1), pp. 5-18. Morschett, D., Swoboda, B. Schramm-Klein, H., 2006. Porter outlines four generic strategies; differentiation, cost leadership, differentiation focus and cost focus (Porter, 1980).. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 13(4), pp. 275-287. Porter, M. E., 1980. Competitive Strategy. s.l.:Free Press. Poulter, S., 2014. Aldi and Lidl to force big four supermarkets into price war to stop stampede of customers to discount chains. [Online] Available at:Â  http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2539064/Aldi-Lidl-force-big-four-supermarkets-price-war-stop-stampede-customers-discount-chains.html Ruddick, G., 2015. Supermarkets could increase prices to pay for living wage. [Online] Available at:Â  http://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/retailandconsumer/11736662/Supermarkets-could-increase-prices-to-pay-for-living-wage.html Simon, H., Gathen, A. V. D. Daus, P. W., 2010. Retail Pricing Higher Profits Through Improved Pricing Processes. In: Retailing in the 21st Century. Berlin: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, pp. 319-336. Siro, I., Kapolna, E., Kapolna, B. Lugasi, A., 2008. Functional food. Product development, marketing and consumer acceptance—A review. Appetite, 51(3), pp. 456-467. Weihrich, H., 1982. The TOWS Matrix A Tool for Situational Analysis, San Francisco: Long Range Planning .